Koinei Ngā Mea Katoa Me Mōhio Koe Mō Te Haumarutanga o Te Reera
Ko te haumaru o te taiaho e whakawhirinaki ana ki te akomanga o te taiaho e whakamahia ana e koe.
Ka nui ake te maha o ngā ākonga i roto i te akomanga, ka nui ake ngā mahi whakatūpato me mahi e koe.
Kia tupato ki ngā whakatūpato i ngā wā katoa, ā, whakamahia ngā taputapu tiaki tika ina hiahiatia.
Mā te mārama ki ngā whakarōpūtanga o ngā taputapu taiaho ka noho haumaru koe i a koe e mahi ana me, e tata ana rānei ki ngā taputapu taiaho.
Ka whakarōpūtia ngā taiaho ki ngā akomanga rerekē i runga i ō rātou taumata haumaru.
Anei tētahi whakamārama māmā mō ia akomanga me ngā mea e hiahia ana koe ki te mōhio mō rātou.
He aha ngā Akomanga Taiaho: He Whakamārama
Mārama ki ngā Akoranga Taiaho = Te Whakanui Ake i te Mōhiotanga Haumaru
Ngā Taiaho Akomanga 1
Ko ngā taiaho Akomanga 1 te momo haumaru rawa atu.
Kāore e kino ki ngā kanohi i te whakamahinga noa, ahakoa ka tirohia mō te wā roa, ka whakamahia rānei ki ngā taputapu whatu.
He iti rawa te mana o ēnei taiaho, he torutoru noa iho ngā maikorowati.
I ētahi wā, ka tāpirihia ngā taiaho kaha ake (pēnei i te Akomanga 3, te Akomanga 4 rānei) kia noho hei Akomanga 1.
Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e ngā pūreretā taiaho ngā taiaho kaha-teitei, engari nā te mea kua āpitihia, ka kiia rātou he taiaho Akomanga 1.
Kāore koe e manukanuka ki te haumaru mēnā kāore te taputapu i pakaru.
Ngā Taiaho Akomanga 1M
He rite ngā taiaho Akomanga 1M ki ngā taiaho Akomanga 1 nā te mea he haumaru mō ngā kanohi i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa.
Heoi, ki te whakanuia e koe te hihi mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whatu pēnei i te karu tirohanga, ka raru pea.
Nā te mea ka taea e te hihi kua whakanuia te hipa ake i ngā taumata mana haumaru, ahakoa kāore e kino ki te kanohi tahanga.
Ka taka ngā taiaho taiaho, ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero muka whatu, me ngā pūoko tere taiaho ki te kāwai Akomanga 1M.
Ngā Taiaho Akomanga 2
He haumaru te nuinga o ngā taiaho Akomanga 2 nā te mea he āhua tūturu o te kimo kanohi.
Ki te titiro koe ki te hihi, ka kimo aunoa ō kanohi, ka whakawhāiti i te wā e kitea ana ki raro iho i te 0.25 hēkona—he nui noa iho tēnei hei ārai i te kino.
Ka tūpono noa iho ēnei taiaho mēnā ka titiro pōturi koe ki te hihi.
Me tuku e ngā taiaho Akomanga 2 te mārama e kitea ana, nā te mea ka mahi anake te pūoro kimo ina kite koe i te mārama.
Ko te mana tonu o ēnei taiaho he 1 milliwatt (mW) te tikanga, ahakoa i ētahi wā, ka teitei ake pea te rohe.
Ngā Taiaho Akomanga 2M
He rite ngā taiaho Akomanga 2M ki te Akomanga 2, engari he rerekētanga matua:
Ki te mātakitaki koe i te hihi mā roto i ngā taputapu whakanui (pēnei i te karu tiro), e kore te aro o te kimo e tiaki i ō kanohi.
Ahakoa te roa o te pānga ki tētahi hihi kua whakanuia, ka pāngia pea koe e te whara.
Ngā Taiaho Akomanga 3R
He kaha ake ngā taiaho Akomanga 3R i te Akomanga 2, pērā i ngā tohu taiaho me ētahi matawai taiaho, engari he haumaru tonu mēnā ka tika te whakahaere.
Ka pā kino pea ngā kanohi ki te titiro tika atu ki te hihi, inā koa mā roto i ngā taputapu whatu.
Heoi, ko te pānga poto noa iho kāore i te kino i te nuinga o te wā.
Me mārama ngā tapanga whakatūpato mō ngā taiaho Akomanga 3R, nā te mea ka tūpono he mōrearea mēnā ka whakamahia hē.
I ngā pūnaha tawhito, i kiia te Akomanga 3R ko te Akomanga IIIa.
Ngā Taiaho Akomanga 3B
He mōrearea ake ngā taiaho Akomanga 3B, ā, me tūpato te whakahaere.
Ka taea e te pānga tika ki te hihi, ki ngā whakaata rānei o te whakaata te whakararu i ngā kanohi, te wera rānei o te kiri.
Ko ngā whakaata marara, horapa anake ngā mea haumaru.
Hei tauira, kaua ngā taiaho ngaru-tonu Akomanga 3B e neke ake i te 0.5 watts mō ngā roangaru i waenga i te 315 nm me te infrared, ko ngā taiaho pāorooro i te awhe e kitea ana (400–700 nm) kaua e neke ake i te 30 millijoules.
He mea noa te kitea o ēnei taiaho i roto i ngā whakaaturanga rama whakangahau.
Ngā Taiaho Akomanga 4
Ko ngā taiaho Akomanga 4 ngā mea tino morearea.
He kaha rawa ēnei taiaho ki te whakararu i ngā kanohi me te kiri, ā, ka taea hoki e rātou te tahu ahi.
E whakamahia ana ēnei i ngā mahi ahumahi pēnei i te tapahi taiaho, te whakarewa, me te horoi.
Ki te mea kei te tata koe ki tētahi taiaho Akomanga 4 kāore he tikanga haumaru tika, kei roto koe i te mōrearea nui.
Ahakoa ngā whakaata ā-korekore ka pā he kino, ā, ka mura pea ngā rauemi e tata ana.
Me mau tonu ngā taputapu tiaki, me te whai i ngā tikanga haumaru.
Ko ētahi pūnaha mana-nui, pērā i ngā mīhini tohu taiaho aunoa, he taiaho Akomanga 4, engari ka taea te kati haumaru hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea.
Hei tauira, he kaha ngā taiaho e whakamahia ana e ngā mīhini a Laserax, engari kua hangaia kia tutuki i ngā paerewa haumaru Akomanga 1 ina kati katoatia.
Ngā Tūponotanga Rerekē o te Taiaho
Te Mārama ki ngā Tūponotanga o te Reera: Ngā Tūponotanga o ngā Kanohi, te Kiri, me te Ahi
Ka taea e ngā taiaho te mōrearea mēnā kāore e tika te whakahaere, ā, e toru ngā momo mōrearea matua: ngā whara kanohi, ngā wera kiri, me ngā mōrearea ahi.
Mena kāore te pūnaha taiaho i te whakarōpūtia hei Akomanga 1 (te kāwai haumaru rawa atu), me mau tonu ngā kaimahi o te rohe i ngā taputapu tiaki, pērā i ngā mōhiti tiaki mō ō rātou kanohi me ngā hūtu motuhake mō ō rātou kiri.
Ngā Whara Kanohi: Te Tūponotanga Tino Kino
Ko ngā whara kanohi mai i ngā taiaho te mea tino nui rawa atu nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakararu tuturu, te matapo rānei.
Anei ngā take e puta ai ēnei whara, me pēhea hoki te ārai i aua whara.
Ina uru te mārama taiaho ki te kanohi, ka mahi tahi te kornea me te karāhe arotahi ki te arotahi ki te retina (te tuara o te kanohi).
Kātahi ka tukatukahia tēnei māramatanga kukū e te roro hei hanga whakaahua.
Heoi anō, he tino pāngia ēnei wāhanga o te kanohi—te korēnia, te karu arotahi, me te retina—e te kino o te laser.
Ka pā kino ngā kanohi ki tētahi momo taiaho, engari he tino morearea ētahi roangaru mārama.
Hei tauira, he maha ngā mīhini whakairo taiaho e tuku ana i te mārama i roto i ngā awhe tata-infrared (700–2000 nm) me ngā awhe tawhiti-infrared (4000–11,000+ nm), e kore e kitea e te kanohi tangata.
Ka mimitihia te mārama e kitea ana e te mata o te kanohi i mua i te arotahi ki te retina, ka āwhina tēnei ki te whakaiti i tōna pānga.
Heoi, ka karohia tēnei parenga e te mārama pūwero-whero nā te mea kāore e kitea, arā, ka tae atu ki te retina me te kaha katoa, ka nui ake te kino.
Ka taea e tēnei kaha nui te tahu i te retina, ka arahi atu ki te matapo, ki te kino kino rānei.
Ka taea hoki e ngā taiaho he iti iho i te 400 nm (i roto i te awhe ultraviolet) te whakararu i te tirohanga, pērā i te katarata, e whakapōuri nei i te tirohanga i roto i te wā.
Ko te ārai pai rawa atu i ngā kino o te kanohi nā te taiaho ko te mau i ngā mōhiti haumaru taiaho tika.
Kua hangaia ēnei mōhiti kanohi hei mimiti i ngā roangaru mārama morearea.
Hei tauira, ki te mea kei te mahi koe me tētahi pūnaha taiaho muka Laserax, me whai mōhiti kanohi koe hei tiaki i te mārama o te roanga ngaru 1064 nm.
Ngā Tūponotanga Kiri: Ngā Wera me te Kino Matū
Ahakoa he iti ake te kino o ngā whara kiri e puta mai i ngā taiaho i ngā whara kanohi, me aro tonu ki ēnei.
Ka taea e te pānga tika ki te hihi laser, ki ōna whakaata rānei, te wera i te kiri, he rite ki te pā ki te oumu wera.
Ko te kaha o te weranga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaha o te taiaho, te roanga ngaru, te roa o te wā e whiti ana, me te rahi o te wāhi e pāngia ana.
E rua ngā momo matua o te kino o te kiri mai i ngā taiaho:
Te Pakaru Wera
He rite ki te wera i puta mai i tētahi mata wera.
Te kino o te whakaahua matū
He rite ki te werawera o te rā, engari nā te pānga ki ngā roangaru mārama motuhake.
Ahakoa he iti ake te kino o ngā whara kiri i ngā whara kanohi, he mea nui tonu te whakamahi i ngā kākahu tiaki me ngā whakangungu rakau hei whakaiti i te mōrearea.
Ngā Tūponotanga Ahi: Me pēhea te Whakakā i ngā Rauemi e ngā Reera
He mōrearea ahi ngā taiaho—ina koa ko ngā taiaho Akomanga 4 kaha rawa atu.
Ka taea e ō rātou hihi, me tetahi atu mārama e whakaatahia ana (ahakoa ngā whakaata marara, ngā whakaata horapa rānei), te mura i ngā rauemi mura i te taiao e karapoti ana.
Hei ārai i ngā ahi, me āta kati ngā taiaho Akomanga 4, ā, me āta whakaaroaro hoki ki ō rātou ara whakaata pea.
Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakaaro ki ngā whakaata tika me ngā whakaata marara, e mau tonu ana te kaha hei tahu ahi mēnā kāore te taiao e whakahaeretia kia ata tiakina.
He aha te Hua Taiaho Akomanga 1
Te Mārama ki ngā Tapanga Haumaru Reera: He aha te Tikanga Tuturu o ēnei?
He maha ngā tohu whakatūpato mō ngā hua taiaho, engari kua whakaaro kē koe he aha te tikanga o ēnei tohu?
He aha rawa te tikanga o te tapanga "Akomanga 1", ā, ko wai ka whakatau ko ēhea tapanga ka tāpirihia ki ēhea hua? Me wehewehe tātou.
He aha te Reera Akomanga 1?
Ko te taiaho Akomanga 1 he momo taiaho e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa haumaru tino pakari kua whakatakotoria e te International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Mā ēnei paerewa ka whakarite kia haumaru te whakamahi i ngā taiaho Akomanga 1, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he tikanga haumaru tāpiri, pērā i ngā mana whakahaere motuhake, i ngā taputapu tiaki rānei.
He aha ngā Hua Taiaho Akomanga 1?
I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā hua taiaho Akomanga 1 ka taea te whakauru i ngā taiaho kaha ake (pērā i ngā taiaho Akomanga 3, Akomanga 4 rānei), engari kua kati haumaruhia hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea.
Kua hangaia ēnei hua hei pupuri i te hihi o te taiaho kia mau, kia kore ai e pāngia ahakoa he kaha ake te taiaho i roto.
He aha te rerekētanga?
Ahakoa he haumaru ngā taiaho Akomanga 1 me ngā hua taiaho Akomanga 1, he rerekē te āhua.
Ko ngā taiaho Akomanga 1 he taiaho iti te mana, kua hangaia kia haumaru i raro i te whakamahinga noa, me te kore e hiahiatia he tiakitanga tāpiri.
Hei tauira, ka taea e koe te titiro haumaru ki tētahi hihi taiaho Akomanga 1 me te kore he mōhiti tiaki nā te mea he iti te mana, he haumaru hoki.
Engari tera pea he kaha ake te kaha o te taiaho i roto i tētahi hua taiaho Akomanga 1, ā, ahakoa he haumaru te whakamahi (nā te mea kua kati), ka tūpono tonu te mōrearea mēnā ka pakaru te wāhi i te pānga tika.
Me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā hua taiaho?
Ko ngā hua taiaho e whakahaeretia ana e te ao whānui e te IEC, e whakarato ana i ngā aratohu mō te haumaru taiaho.
E whai wāhi ana ngā tohunga o te 88 whenua ki ēnei paerewa, e whakarōpūtia ana i raro ite paerewa IEC 60825-1.
Mā ēnei aratohu ka whakarite kia haumaru te whakamahi i ngā hua taiaho i roto i ngā taiao rerekē.
Heoi, Kāore te IEC e Whakaū tika ana i ēnei Paerewa.
Kei te wāhi kei reira koe, ko ngā mana whakahaere ā-rohe te kawenga mō te whakatinana i ngā ture haumaru taiaho.
Te whakarerekē i ngā aratohu a te IEC kia rite ki ngā hiahia motuhake (pēnei i ngā mea kei roto i ngā taiao hauora, ahumahi rānei).
Ahakoa he rerekē ngā ture o ia whenua, o ia whenua, ko ngā hua taiaho e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa IEC e whakaaetia whānuitia ana puta noa i te ao.
Arā, ki te tutuki i tētahi hua ngā paerewa IEC, ka tutuki hoki i te nuinga o te wā ngā ture ā-rohe, ā, ka haumaru ake te whakamahi puta noa i ngā rohe.
He aha mēnā ehara te hua laser i te akomanga 1?
Ko te mea tino pai, ko ngā pūnaha taiaho katoa he Akomanga 1 hei whakakore i ngā mōrearea pea, engari ko te mea pono, ehara te nuinga o ngā taiaho i te Akomanga 1.
He maha ngā pūnaha taiaho ahumahi, pērā i ērā e whakamahia ana mō te tohu taiaho, te whakarewa taiaho, te horoi taiaho, me te hanga kakano taiaho, he taiaho Akomanga 4.
Ngā Taiaho Akomanga 4:He taiaho mana-nui ka kino pea mēnā kāore e whakahaerea pai.
Ahakoa e whakamahia ana ētahi o ēnei taiaho i roto i ngā taiao whakahaeretia (pērā i ngā rūma motuhake e mau ana ngā kaimahi i ngā taputapu haumaru).
He maha ngā mahi a ngā kaihanga me ngā kaiwhakauru hei whakapai ake i te haumaru o ngā taiaho Akomanga 4.
Mā te ārai i ngā pūnaha taiaho ka taea tēnei, ka hurihia ai hei hua taiaho Akomanga 1, kia haumaru ai te whakamahi.
Kei te hiahia koe ki te mōhio he aha ngā ture e pā ana ki a koe?
Ngā Rauemi me ngā Mōhiohio Tāpiri mō te Haumaru Taiaho
Te Mārama ki te Haumaru o te Taiaho: Ngā Paerewa, Ngā Ture, me ngā Rauemi
He mea nui te haumaru o te taiaho hei ārai i ngā aituā, hei whakarite hoki i te whakahaere tika o ngā pūnaha taiaho.
Mā ngā paerewa ahumahi, ngā ture a te kāwanatanga, me ngā rauemi tāpiri ka whakaratohia he aratohu hei āwhina i te noho haumaru o ngā mahi taiaho mō te hunga katoa e whai wāhi ana.
Anei tētahi whakamārama māmā o ngā rauemi matua hei ārahi i a koe ki te mārama ki te haumaru o te taiaho.
Ngā Paerewa Matua mō te Haumaru Taiaho
Ko te huarahi pai ki te mārama whānui ki te haumaru o te whakamahi i te taiaho ko te whakamōhio i a koe ki ngā paerewa kua whakatūria.
He hua ēnei tuhinga nō te mahi tahi a ngā tohunga o te umanga, ā, e tuku ana i ngā aratohu pono mō te whakamahi haumaru i ngā taiaho.
I whakaaetia tēnei paerewa e te American National Standards Institute (ANSI), ā, i whakaputaina e te Laser Institute of America (LIA).
Ko tētahi o ngā rauemi tino nui tēnei mō te hunga e whakamahi ana i ngā taiaho, e whakarato ana i ngā ture me ngā taunakitanga mārama mō ngā mahi taiaho haumaru.
E kapi ana i tēnei te whakarōpūtanga taiaho, ngā tikanga haumaru, me te maha atu anō.
Kua whakaaetia hoki tēnei paerewa e te ANSI, ā, he mea hanga motuhake mō te rāngai whakanao.
E whakarato ana i ngā aratohu haumaru taipitopito mō te whakamahinga taiaho i roto i ngā taiao ahumahi, hei whakarite kia tiakina ngā kaimahi me ngā taputapu mai i ngā tūponotanga e pā ana ki te taiaho.
Kua whakaaetia hoki tēnei paerewa e te ANSI, ā, he mea hanga motuhake mō te rāngai whakanao.
E whakarato ana i ngā aratohu haumaru taipitopito mō te whakamahinga taiaho i roto i ngā taiao ahumahi, hei whakarite kia tiakina ngā kaimahi me ngā taputapu mai i ngā tūponotanga e pā ana ki te taiaho.
Ngā Ture Kāwanatanga mō te Haumaru Taiaho
I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, he kawenga ture tā ngā kaitukumahi mō te whakarite i te haumaru o ā rātou kaimahi i te wā e mahi ana me ngā mīhini taiaho.
Anei tētahi tirohanga whānui mō ngā ture e tika ana mō ngā rohe rerekē:
Te Hononga o Amerika:
Kei roto i te Taitara 21 o te FDA, Wāhanga 1040, ngā paerewa mahi mō ngā hua e whakaputa ana i te mārama, tae atu ki ngā taiaho.
Ko tēnei ture e whakahaere ana i ngā whakaritenga haumaru mō ngā hua taiaho e hokona ana, e whakamahia ana hoki i te US.
Kānata:
Te Ture Mahi a Kanata me teNgā Ture Hauora me te Haumaru Mahi (SOR/86-304)whakatakoto i ngā aratohu motuhake mō te haumaru i te wāhi mahi.
Hei tāpiri, ko te Ture mō ngā Pūrere Tuku Irahiko me te Ture Haumaru me te Whakahaere Karihi e aro ana ki te haumaru o te irahiko taiaho me te hauora taiao.
Ūropi:
I Ūropi, ko teTure Whakahau 89/391/EECe arotahi ana ki te haumaru me te hauora mahi, e whakarato ana i tētahi anga whānui mō te haumaru i te wāhi mahi.
TeTe Ture Whakamātautau Āhuatanga Hanga (2006/25/EC)e aro nui ana ki te haumaru o te taiaho, e whakahaere ana i ngā here whakaaturanga me ngā mahi haumaru mō te irahiko whatu.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-20-2024