Izi ndi Zonse Zomwe Muyenera Kudziwa Zokhudza Chitetezo cha Laser
Chitetezo cha laser chimadalira mtundu wa laser yomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito.
Chiwerengero cha kalasi chikakhala chachikulu, muyenera kusamala kwambiri.
Nthawi zonse mverani machenjezo ndipo gwiritsani ntchito zida zodzitetezera zoyenera ngati pakufunika kutero.
Kumvetsetsa magulu a laser kumathandiza kuti mukhale otetezeka mukamagwira ntchito ndi laser kapena pafupi nayo.
Ma laser amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana kutengera kuchuluka kwa chitetezo chawo.
Nayi njira yosavuta yofotokozera kalasi iliyonse ndi zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza iwo.
Kodi Makalasi a Laser ndi Chiyani?
Kumvetsetsa Makalasi a Laser = Kukulitsa Chidziwitso cha Chitetezo
Ma laser a Gulu 1
Ma laser a Class 1 ndi mtundu wotetezeka kwambiri.
Sizivulaza maso mukazigwiritsa ntchito bwino, ngakhale zitawonedwa kwa nthawi yayitali kapena ndi zida zamagetsi.
Ma laser amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma microwave ochepa chabe.
Nthawi zina, ma laser amphamvu kwambiri (monga Gulu 3 kapena Gulu 4) amaikidwa kuti akhale Gulu 1.
Mwachitsanzo, makina osindikizira a laser amagwiritsa ntchito ma laser amphamvu kwambiri, koma popeza ali mkati mwake, amaonedwa kuti ndi ma laser a Gulu 1.
Simuyenera kuda nkhawa ndi chitetezo pokhapokha ngati zidazo zawonongeka.
Ma laser a Kalasi 1M
Ma laser a Class 1M ndi ofanana ndi ma laser a Class 1 chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala otetezeka m'maso mukakhala bwino.
Komabe, ngati mukulitsa kuwala pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowonera monga ma binoculars, kungakhale koopsa.
Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti kuwala kokulirako kumatha kupitirira mphamvu zotetezeka, ngakhale kuti sikuvulaza maso.
Ma diode a laser, makina olumikizirana a fiber optic, ndi zida zodziwira liwiro la laser zili m'gulu la Class 1M.
Ma laser a Gulu 2
Ma laser a kalasi yachiwiri ndi otetezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwala kwachilengedwe komwe kumawala.
Mukayang'ana kuwala kwa dzuwa, maso anu amathima okha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maso anu asawonekere kwa masekondi osakwana 0.25—nthawi zambiri izi zimakhala zokwanira kuti apewe kuwonongeka.
Ma laser amenewa amakhala pachiwopsezo pokhapokha ngati muyang'ana mwadala kuwalako.
Ma laser a Class 2 ayenera kutulutsa kuwala kooneka, chifukwa kuwalako kumagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati mungathe kuwona kuwalako.
Ma laser amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu yopitilira 1 milliwatt (mW), ngakhale nthawi zina, malirewo angakhale okwera.
Ma laser a Kalasi 2M
Ma laser a Class 2M ndi ofanana ndi a Class 2, koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu:
Ngati muwona kuwalako pogwiritsa ntchito zida zokulitsa (monga telesikopu), kuwalako sikungateteze maso anu.
Ngakhale kuonekera pang'ono pa denga lokulitsa kungayambitse kuvulala.
Ma Laser a Gulu la 3R
Ma laser a Class 3R, monga ma laser pointers ndi ma laser scanner ena, ndi amphamvu kwambiri kuposa Class 2 koma amakhala otetezeka ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera.
Kuyang'ana mwachindunji pa denga, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira, kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa maso.
Komabe, nthawi zambiri sizimavulaza munthu akamaona zinthuzi kwa kanthawi kochepa.
Ma laser a Class 3R ayenera kukhala ndi zilembo zochenjeza zomveka bwino, chifukwa zimatha kubweretsa zoopsa ngati zigwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika.
Mu machitidwe akale, Gulu la 3R linkatchedwa Gulu la IIIa.
Ma Laser a Gulu 3B
Ma laser a Class 3B ndi owopsa kwambiri ndipo ayenera kuchitidwa mosamala.
Kuwonekera mwachindunji pa kuwala kapena kuwala kofanana ndi galasi kungayambitse kuvulala kwa maso kapena kutentha kwa khungu.
Kuwunikira kofalikira kokha komwe kumafalikira ndiko kotetezeka.
Mwachitsanzo, ma laser a Class 3B osasinthika sayenera kupitirira ma watts 0.5 pa ma wavelength pakati pa 315 nm ndi infrared, pomwe ma laser oyendetsedwa ndi pulsed omwe ali mu visible range (400–700 nm) sayenera kupitirira ma millijoule 30.
Ma laser amenewa amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'mawonetsero owonetsera zosangalatsa.
Ma laser a Gulu 4
Ma laser a Class 4 ndi owopsa kwambiri.
Ma laser amenewa ndi amphamvu mokwanira kuvulaza maso ndi khungu kwambiri, ndipo amatha kuyambitsa moto.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale monga kudula, kuwotcherera, ndi kuyeretsa pogwiritsa ntchito laser.
Ngati muli pafupi ndi laser ya Class 4 popanda njira zoyenera zotetezera, muli pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Ngakhale kuwala kosadziwika bwino kungayambitse kuwonongeka, ndipo zinthu zomwe zili pafupi zimatha kuyaka moto.
Valani zida zodzitetezera nthawi zonse ndipo tsatirani njira zodzitetezera.
Makina ena amphamvu kwambiri, monga makina olembera laser okha, ndi ma laser a Class 4, koma amatha kutsekedwa bwino kuti achepetse zoopsa.
Mwachitsanzo, makina a Laserax amagwiritsa ntchito ma laser amphamvu, koma amapangidwira kukwaniritsa miyezo ya chitetezo ya Gulu 1 akatsekedwa kwathunthu.
Zoopsa Zosiyanasiyana za Laser
Kumvetsetsa Zoopsa za Laser: Zoopsa za Maso, Khungu, ndi Moto
Ma laser akhoza kukhala owopsa ngati sagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, ndipo mitundu itatu ikuluikulu ya zoopsa ndi: kuvulala kwa maso, kupsa pakhungu, ndi zoopsa za moto.
Ngati makina a laser sali m'gulu la Gulu 1 (gulu lotetezeka kwambiri), ogwira ntchito m'derali ayenera kuvala zida zodzitetezera nthawi zonse, monga magalasi oteteza maso awo ndi masuti apadera a khungu lawo.
Kuvulala kwa Maso: Ngozi Yoopsa Kwambiri
Kuvulala kwa maso chifukwa cha laser ndiye vuto lalikulu chifukwa kumatha kuwononga maso kwamuyaya kapena kuchititsa khungu.
Ichi ndi chifukwa chake kuvulala kumeneku kumachitika komanso momwe mungapewere.
Kuwala kwa laser kukalowa m'diso, cornea ndi lenzi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti ziwunikire pa retina (kumbuyo kwa diso).
Kuunika kozama kumeneku kumakonzedwa ndi ubongo kuti apange zithunzi.
Komabe, ziwalo za maso izi—cornea, lens, ndi retina—zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka ndi laser.
Mtundu uliwonse wa laser ukhoza kuvulaza maso, koma mafunde ena a kuwala ndi owopsa kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, makina ambiri ojambulira laser amatulutsa kuwala m'malo ozungulira pafupi ndi infrared (700–2000 nm) kapena a far-infrared (4000–11,000+ nm), omwe sangaoneke ndi maso a munthu.
Kuwala kooneka bwino kumalowa pang'ono ndi pamwamba pa diso kusanayang'ane pa retina, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwake.
Komabe, kuwala kwa infrared kumadutsa chitetezo ichi chifukwa sichikuwoneka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chimafika pa retina mwamphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale choopsa kwambiri.
Mphamvu yochulukirapo imeneyi imatha kutentha retina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu asamaone bwino kapena kuwonongeka kwambiri.
Ma laser okhala ndi mafunde ochepera 400 nm (omwe ali mu ultraviolet range) angayambitsenso kuwonongeka kwa photochemical, monga cataracts, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maso aziona bwino pakapita nthawi.
Chitetezo chabwino kwambiri ku kuwonongeka kwa maso ndi laser ndikuvala magalasi oteteza maso oyenera a laser.
Magalasi awa apangidwa kuti azitha kuyamwa kuwala koopsa.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito makina a laser a Laserax fiber, mufunika magalasi oteteza ku kuwala kwa 1064 nm.
Zoopsa pa Khungu: Kupsa ndi Kuwonongeka kwa Photochemical
Ngakhale kuvulala pakhungu chifukwa cha laser nthawi zambiri sikoopsa kwambiri ngati kuvulala kwa maso, kumafunikirabe chisamaliro.
Kukhudza mwachindunji ndi kuwala kwa laser kapena kuwala kwake kofanana ndi galasi kumatha kuwotcha khungu, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi chitofu chotentha.
Kuopsa kwa kupsa kumadalira mphamvu ya laser, kutalika kwa nthawi, nthawi yomwe ikuwonetsedwa, komanso kukula kwa malo okhudzidwa.
Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya kuwonongeka kwa khungu chifukwa cha lasers:
Kuwonongeka kwa Kutentha
Mofanana ndi kupsa ndi moto wochokera pamwamba pa moto.
Kuwonongeka kwa Photochemical
Monga kutentha ndi dzuwa, koma chifukwa cha kuwala kwa dzuwa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mafunde enaake a kuwala.
Ngakhale kuti kuvulala pakhungu nthawi zambiri sikoopsa kwambiri ngati kuvulala m'maso, ndikofunikirabe kugwiritsa ntchito zovala zodzitetezera ndi zoteteza kuti muchepetse chiopsezo.
Ngozi za Moto: Momwe Ma Laser Angayatsire Zipangizo
Ma laser—makamaka ma laser amphamvu kwambiri a Class 4—amayambitsa ngozi ya moto.
Matabwa awo, pamodzi ndi kuwala kulikonse komwe kumawunikira (ngakhale kuwala kofalikira kapena kobalalika), kumatha kuyatsa zinthu zomwe zimayaka moto m'malo ozungulira.
Kuti moto usayambe, ma laser a Class 4 ayenera kutsekedwa bwino, ndipo njira zawo zowunikira ziyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala.
Izi zikuphatikizapo kuwerengera kwa kuwala kwachindunji ndi kufalikira kwa zinthu, komwe kungathe kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuyambitsa moto ngati chilengedwe sichisamalidwa bwino.
Kodi Katundu wa Laser wa Gulu 1 ndi Chiyani?
Kumvetsetsa Zolemba Zachitetezo cha Laser: Kodi Zimatanthauza Chiyani Kwenikweni?
Zipangizo za laser kulikonse zimakhala ndi zilembo zochenjeza, koma kodi munayamba mwadzifunsapo kuti zilembo zimenezi zikutanthauza chiyani kwenikweni?
Mwachindunji, kodi chizindikiro cha "Class 1" chimatanthauza chiyani, ndipo ndani amasankha chizindikiro chomwe chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu ziti? Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule.
Kodi Laser ya Gulu 1 ndi chiyani?
Laser ya Class 1 ndi mtundu wa laser yomwe imakwaniritsa miyezo yokhwima yachitetezo yokhazikitsidwa ndi International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Miyezo iyi imatsimikizira kuti ma laser a Class 1 ndi otetezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo safuna njira zina zowonjezera zachitetezo, monga zowongolera zapadera kapena zida zodzitetezera.
Kodi Zogulitsa za Laser za Gulu 1 ndi Chiyani?
Koma zinthu za laser za Class 1 zimatha kukhala ndi ma laser amphamvu kwambiri (monga ma laser a Class 3 kapena Class 4), koma zimatetezedwa bwino kuti zichepetse zoopsa.
Zinthuzi zapangidwa kuti zisunge kuwala kwa laser, kuteteza kufalikira ngakhale kuti laser yomwe ili mkati mwake ingakhale yamphamvu kwambiri.
Kodi Kusiyana N'chiyani?
Ngakhale kuti ma laser a Class 1 ndi zinthu za Class 1 zonse ndi zotetezeka, sizili zofanana kwenikweni.
Ma laser a Class 1 ndi ma laser amphamvu pang'ono omwe adapangidwa kuti akhale otetezeka akagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachizolowezi, popanda kufunikira chitetezo chowonjezera.
Mwachitsanzo, mutha kuyang'ana mosamala kuwala kwa laser kwa Class 1 popanda zoteteza maso chifukwa ndi mphamvu yochepa komanso yotetezeka.
Koma chipangizo cha laser cha Class 1 chingakhale ndi laser yamphamvu kwambiri mkati mwake, ndipo ngakhale kuti ndi chotetezeka kugwiritsa ntchito (chifukwa chatsekedwa), kuwonekera mwachindunji kungakhalebe pachiwopsezo ngati chotsekeracho chawonongeka.
Kodi Zogulitsa za Laser Zimayendetsedwa Bwanji?
Zogulitsa za laser zimayendetsedwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi IEC, yomwe imapereka malangizo okhudza chitetezo cha laser.
Akatswiri ochokera m'maiko pafupifupi 88 amathandizira pa miyezo iyi, yomwe ili m'magulu motsatiramuyezo wa IEC 60825-1.
Malangizo awa akutsimikizira kuti zinthu zopangidwa ndi laser ndizotetezeka kugwiritsa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Komabe, IEC Siigwiritsa Ntchito Miyezoyi Mwachindunji.
Kutengera ndi komwe muli, akuluakulu aboma adzakhala ndi udindo wotsatira malamulo achitetezo a laser.
Kusintha malangizo a IEC kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa zinazake (monga zomwe zili m'malo azachipatala kapena mafakitale).
Ngakhale dziko lililonse lingakhale ndi malamulo osiyana pang'ono, zinthu zopangidwa ndi laser zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo ya IEC nthawi zambiri zimavomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati chinthu chikukwaniritsa miyezo ya IEC, nthawi zambiri chimagwirizananso ndi malamulo am'deralo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale chotetezeka kugwiritsa ntchito kudutsa malire.
Nanga bwanji ngati mankhwala a laser si a kalasi 1?
Mwachiyembekezo, makina onse a laser angakhale Gulu 1 kuti athetse zoopsa zomwe zingachitike, koma kwenikweni, ma laser ambiri si Gulu 1.
Makina ambiri a laser a mafakitale, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba chizindikiro cha laser, kuwotcherera laser, kuyeretsa laser, ndi kukonza ma texture a laser, ndi ma laser a Class 4.
Ma laser a Gulu 4:Ma laser amphamvu kwambiri omwe angakhale oopsa ngati sakuwongoleredwa mosamala.
Ngakhale kuti ma laser ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo olamulidwa (monga zipinda zapadera komwe antchito amavala zida zotetezera).
Opanga ndi ophatikiza nthawi zambiri amachitapo kanthu kuti apange ma laser a Class 4 kukhala otetezeka.
Amachita izi mwa kuyika makina a laser, omwe amawasintha kukhala zinthu za laser za Gulu 1, kuonetsetsa kuti ndi otetezeka kugwiritsa ntchito.
Mukufuna Kudziwa Malamulo Omwe Amakugwirani Ntchito?
Zowonjezera ndi Zambiri Zokhudza Chitetezo cha Laser
Kumvetsetsa Chitetezo cha Laser: Miyezo, Malamulo, ndi Zinthu Zofunikira
Chitetezo cha laser n'chofunika kwambiri popewa ngozi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti makina a laser akugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera.
Miyezo yamakampani, malamulo aboma, ndi zinthu zina zowonjezera zimapereka malangizo omwe amathandiza kuti ntchito za laser zikhale zotetezeka kwa aliyense wokhudzidwa.
Nayi njira yosavuta yofotokozera zinthu zofunika kuti zikuthandizeni kumvetsetsa chitetezo cha laser.
Miyezo Yofunika Kwambiri Yotetezera Laser
Njira yabwino yodziwira bwino za chitetezo cha laser ndiyo kudziwa bwino miyezo yomwe yakhazikitsidwa kale.
Zikalata izi ndi zotsatira za mgwirizano pakati pa akatswiri amakampani ndipo zimapereka malangizo odalirika amomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito ma laser mosamala.
Muyezo uwu, wovomerezedwa ndi American National Standards Institute (ANSI), wafalitsidwa ndi Laser Institute of America (LIA).
Ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene amagwiritsa ntchito laser, kupereka malamulo omveka bwino komanso malangizo a machitidwe otetezeka a laser.
Imafotokoza za kugawa kwa laser, njira zotetezera, ndi zina zambiri.
Muyezo uwu, womwenso wavomerezedwa ndi ANSI, wapangidwira makamaka gawo lopanga zinthu.
Imapereka malangizo atsatanetsatane achitetezo ogwiritsira ntchito laser m'mafakitale, kuonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito ndi zida zawo atetezedwa ku zoopsa zokhudzana ndi laser.
Muyezo uwu, womwenso wavomerezedwa ndi ANSI, wapangidwira makamaka gawo lopanga zinthu.
Imapereka malangizo atsatanetsatane achitetezo ogwiritsira ntchito laser m'mafakitale, kuonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito ndi zida zawo atetezedwa ku zoopsa zokhudzana ndi laser.
Malamulo a Boma pa Chitetezo cha Laser
M'mayiko ambiri, olemba ntchito ali ndi udindo wovomerezeka mwalamulo woonetsetsa kuti antchito awo ali otetezeka akamagwira ntchito ndi lasers.
Nayi chidule cha malamulo oyenera m'madera osiyanasiyana:
United States:
Mutu 21 wa FDA, Gawo 1040, umakhazikitsa miyezo yogwirira ntchito pazinthu zotulutsa kuwala, kuphatikizapo ma laser.
Lamuloli limayang'anira zofunikira zachitetezo cha zinthu za laser zomwe zimagulitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku US
Canada:
Lamulo la Labour la Canada ndiMalamulo a Zaumoyo ndi Chitetezo Pantchito (SOR/86-304)perekani malangizo enieni okhudza chitetezo kuntchito.
Kuphatikiza apo, lamulo la zida zotulutsa ma radiation ndi lamulo la chitetezo cha nyukiliya limayang'ana kwambiri chitetezo cha ma radiation a laser komanso thanzi la chilengedwe.
Europe:
Ku Ulaya,Malangizo 89/391/EECimayang'ana kwambiri pa chitetezo ndi thanzi la ntchito, kupereka njira zambiri zotetezera kuntchito.
TheMalangizo Opangira Opaleshoni Yopangira Ma radiation (2006/25/EC)makamaka cholinga chake ndi chitetezo cha laser, kuwongolera malire a kukhudzidwa ndi kuwala ndi njira zotetezera kuwala kwa kuwala.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-20-2024