Ibi ni byo byose ukeneye kumenya ku bijyanye n'umutekano wa laser
Umutekano wa laser uterwa n'ubwoko bwa laser ukoresha.
Uko umubare w'abanyeshuri biga mu ishuri uba munini, niko ugomba gufata ingamba nyinshi.
Buri gihe zirikana imiburo kandi ukoreshe ibikoresho byo kwirinda bikwiye igihe bibaye ngombwa.
Gusobanukirwa ishyirwa mu byiciro rya laser bigufasha kugumana umutekano mu gihe ukorana na laser cyangwa hafi yayo.
Imashini zikoresha imirasire ya laser zishyirwa mu byiciro bitandukanye bitewe n'urwego rw'umutekano wazo.
Dore incamake yoroheje ya buri somo n'ibyo ukeneye kumenya kuri ryo.
Amasomo ya Laser ni iki: Byasobanuwe
Sobanukirwa amasomo ya Laser = Kongera ubumenyi ku mutekano
Laser yo mu cyiciro cya 1
Laser zo mu cyiciro cya mbere ni zo zizewe cyane.
Nta ngaruka mbi ku maso mu gihe cyo kuyakoresha bisanzwe, ndetse no mu gihe kirekire cyangwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
Izi lasers ubusanzwe zifite imbaraga nke cyane, akenshi zikaba zifite microwatts nke gusa.
Hari ubwo laser zikoresha imbaraga nyinshi (nk'icyiciro cya 3 cyangwa icya 4) ziba zifunze kugira ngo zibe icyiciro cya 1.
Urugero, imashini zicapa za laser zikoresha laser zikoresha imbaraga nyinshi, ariko kubera ko ziba zifunze, zifatwa nka laser zo mu cyiciro cya mbere.
Ntabwo ugomba guhangayikishwa n'umutekano keretse ibikoresho byangiritse.
Laser yo mu cyiciro cya 1M
Laser zo mu cyiciro cya 1M zisa na laser zo mu cyiciro cya 1 kuko muri rusange ziba zifite umutekano ku maso mu bihe bisanzwe.
Ariko, iyo ukoresheje ibikoresho by'izuba nka binoculars, bishobora guteza akaga.
Ibi biterwa nuko umurabyo wagutse ushobora kurenza urugero rw'imbaraga zitekanye, nubwo ntacyo bitwaye amaso.
Diode za laser, sisitemu z'itumanaho rya fiber optique, n'ibikoresho bipima umuvuduko bya laser biri mu cyiciro cya 1M.
Laser yo mu cyiciro cya 2
Imirasire ya laser yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri ahanini itekanye kubera uburyo bwo guhumeka bw’umwimerere.
Iyo urebye urumuri, amaso yawe azahita ahumbya, bikagabanya igihe cyo kurureba mu masegonda ari munsi ya 0.25—ibi akenshi biba bihagije kugira ngo wirinde kwangirika.
Izi laser zishobora guteza akaga gusa iyo urebye ku murabyo nkana.
Laser zo mu cyiciro cya kabiri zigomba gutanga urumuri rugaragara, kubera ko uburyo bwo guhumeka bukora gusa iyo ubonye urumuri.
Izi lasers ubusanzwe ziba zifite ingufu zihoraho zingana na milliwatt 1 (mW), nubwo rimwe na rimwe, umupaka ushobora kuba uri hejuru.
Laser zo mu cyiciro cya 2M
Laser zo mu cyiciro cya 2M zisa n'izo mu cyiciro cya 2, ariko hari itandukaniro rikomeye:
Iyo urebye urumuri ukoresheje ibikoresho byo kongera imbaraga (nk'icyuma gikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya telesikope), uburyo bwo guhumeka ntabwo buzarinda amaso yawe.
Ndetse no kugaragara ku rumuri runini igihe gito bishobora gutera imvune.
Laser zo mu cyiciro cya 3R
Lazeri zo mu cyiciro cya 3R, nka za laser pointer na zimwe muri scanner za laser, zirakomeye kurusha iz’icyiciro cya 2 ariko ziracyafite umutekano muke iyo zifashwe neza.
Kureba neza umurabyo, cyane cyane ukoresheje ibikoresho by'izuba, bishobora kwangiza amaso.
Ariko, kugaragara igihe gito akenshi ntabwo ari bibi.
Laser zo mu cyiciro cya 3R zigomba kuba zifite ibirango by'uburinzi bisobanutse neza, kuko zishobora guteza ibyago iyo zikoreshejwe nabi.
Muri sisitemu za kera, Icyiciro cya 3R cyitwaga Icyiciro cya IIIa.
Laser yo mu cyiciro cya 3B
Imirasire ya laser yo mu cyiciro cya 3B iteye akaga cyane kandi igomba kwitabwaho neza.
Guhura n'imirasire cyangwa amashusho asa n'indorerwamo bishobora gutera imvune mu maso cyangwa gutwika uruhu.
Ukwigaragaza kw'ibintu bitatanye kandi bikwirakwira gusa ni byo bitagira ingaruka mbi.
Urugero, laser za Class 3B zikoresha umuraba uhoraho ntizigomba kurenza watts 0.5 ku burebure bw'umurambararo buri hagati ya nm 315 na infrared, mu gihe laser zikoresha umurambararo ziri mu rugero rugaragara (400–700 nm) zitagomba kurenza mililijoule 30.
Izi laser zikunze kuboneka mu bitaramo by'imyidagaduro.
Laser yo mu cyiciro cya 4
Imirasire ya laser yo mu cyiciro cya 4 ni yo iteje akaga cyane.
Izi laser zifite imbaraga zihagije zo gutera imvune zikomeye mu maso no ku ruhu, ndetse zishobora no gutwika umuriro.
Bikoreshwa mu nganda nko gukata, gusudira, no gusukura hakoreshejwe laser.
Niba uri hafi ya laser yo mu cyiciro cya 4 udafite ingamba zikwiye zo kwirinda, uri mu kaga gakomeye.
Ndetse no kugaragara mu buryo butaziguye bishobora kwangiza, kandi ibikoresho biri hafi aho bishobora gufata inkongi.
Buri gihe wambara ibikoresho byo kwirinda kandi ukurikize amabwiriza y'umutekano.
Sisitemu zimwe na zimwe zikoresha imbaraga nyinshi, nk'imashini zikoresha laser, ni laser zo mu cyiciro cya 4, ariko zishobora gushyirwa mu buryo bwizewe kugira ngo zigabanye ibyago.
Urugero, imashini za Laserax zikoresha laser zikomeye, ariko zagenewe kuzuza amahame y’umutekano yo mu cyiciro cya mbere iyo zifunze neza.
Ingaruka zitandukanye zishobora guterwa na laser
Gusobanukirwa ingaruka za laser: ingaruka z'amaso, uruhu n'inkongi y'umuriro
Imiti ya laser ishobora guteza akaga iyo idakoreshejwe neza, ifite ubwoko butatu bw'ingenzi bw'ingaruka: imvune zo mu maso, ubushye bw'uruhu, n'ingaruka z'inkongi y'umuriro.
Niba sisitemu ya laser idashyizwe mu cyiciro cya 1 (icyiciro cyizewe), abakozi bo muri ako gace bagomba kwambara ibikoresho byo kwirinda, nk'indorerwamo z'amaso n'amakoti yihariye y'uruhu rwabo.
Ibikomere by'amaso: Akaga gakomeye cyane
Ibikomere by'amaso bituruka kuri laser ni byo bihangayikishije cyane kuko bishobora kwangiza amaso burundu cyangwa bigatuma umuntu atabona.
Dore impamvu izi mvune zibaho n'uburyo bwo kuzirinda.
Iyo urumuri rwa laser rwinjiye mu jisho, cornea na lens bikorana kugira ngo bijye kuri retina (inyuma y'ijisho).
Ubwonko bukoresha urwo rumuri rwinshi kugira ngo rukore amashusho.
Ariko, ibi bice by'amaso—icyerekezo cy'amaso, imboni y'amaso, na retina—birakunze kwangirika cyane na laser.
Ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bwa laser bushobora kwangiza amaso, ariko uburebure bw'urumuri bumwe na bumwe buteye akaga cyane.
Urugero, imashini nyinshi zikora amashusho ya laser zitanga urumuri mu ntera ya infrared iri hafi ya infrared (700–2000 nm) cyangwa kure ya infrared (4000–11.000+ nm), zitabonwa n'amaso y'umuntu.
Umucyo ugaragara winjira igice cy'urumuri rw'ijisho mbere yuko rwibanda kuri retina, ibi bifasha kugabanya ingaruka zarwo.
Ariko, urumuri rwa infrared runyura kuri ubu burinzi kuko rutagaragara, bivuze ko rugera kuri retina ku buryo bwuzuye, bigatuma rurushaho kwangiza.
Izi ngufu zirenze urugero zishobora gutwika retina, bigatera ubuhumyi cyangwa kwangirika gukomeye.
Imirasire ya lazeri ifite uburebure bw'umurambararo buri munsi ya nanometero 400 (muri ultraviolet range) ishobora no kwangiza imiterere y'izuba, nka cataract, ituma ikirere kibona nabi uko igihe kigenda gihita.
Uburyo bwiza bwo kwirinda kwangirika kw'amaso hakoreshejwe laser ni kwambara indorerwamo zirinda kwangirika kw'amaso hakoreshejwe laser.
Izi ndorerwamo z'amatara zagenewe gukurura urumuri ruteje akaga.
Urugero, niba ukoresha sisitemu ya laser ya laser ya laser, uzakenera indorerwamo zirinda urumuri rwa 1064 nm.
Ingaruka z'uruhu: Ubushye n'ibyangiritse ku ruhu
Nubwo ibikomere by'uruhu bituruka kuri laser muri rusange bidakabije nk'ibikomere by'amaso, biracyakeneye kwitabwaho.
Gukora ku murasire wa laser cyangwa ku mucyo wayo umeze nk'indorerwamo bishobora gutwika uruhu, nk'uko byakozwe ku ziko rishyushye.
Uburemere bw'ubushyuhe buterwa n'imbaraga za laser, uburebure bw'umuraba, igihe cyo kwigaragaza, ndetse n'ingano y'agace kagize ikibazo.
Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi bw'ibyangiritse ku ruhu biturutse kuri laser:
Kwangirika k'ubushyuhe
Bisa n'ubushye buturutse ku buso bushyushye.
Kwangirika kw'amafoto
Nk'izuba ritwitswe, ariko riterwa no kwibasirwa n'urumuri rwihariye.
Nubwo ibikomere by'uruhu akenshi biba bito cyane nk'ibikomere by'amaso, ni ngombwa gukoresha imyenda yo kwirinda n'ibikoresho byo kwirinda kugira ngo ugabanye ibyago.
Ingaruka z'inkongi: Uburyo imirasire ya laser ishobora gutwika ibikoresho
Imirasire ya laser—cyane cyane imirasire ya laser yo mu cyiciro cya 4 ifite imbaraga nyinshi—itera ibyago byo gutwika.
Imirasire yazo, hamwe n'urumuri urwo ari rwo rwose rugaragara (ndetse n'urumuri rusadutse cyangwa rutatanye), bishobora gutwika ibintu bishobora gushya mu bidukikije.
Kugira ngo hirindwe inkongi z'umuriro, laser zo mu cyiciro cya 4 zigomba kuba zifunze neza, kandi inzira zazo zishobora kugaragaramo zigasuzumwa neza.
Ibi birimo kubara ibitekerezo bitaziguye n'ibidasobanutse neza, bishobora gutwara ingufu zihagije zo gutwika umuriro mu gihe ibidukikije bidacunzwe neza.
Igicuruzwa cya Laser cyo mu cyiciro cya mbere ni iki?
Gusobanukirwa ibirango by'umutekano bya laser: Bisobanura iki mu by'ukuri?
Ibikoresho bya laser ahantu hose byanditseho ibirango by'uburiganya, ariko se wigeze wibaza icyo ibi birango bisobanura mu by'ukuri?
By’umwihariko, ikirango cya "Class 1" bivuze iki, kandi ni nde ugena ikirango gishyirwa ku bicuruzwa? Reka tubisobanure.
Laser yo mu cyiciro cya mbere ni iki?
Laser yo mu cyiciro cya mbere ni ubwoko bwa laser yujuje ibisabwa mu by’umutekano byashyizweho na Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga y’Ubuhanga mu by’Ikoranabuhanga (IEC).
Aya mahame yemeza ko laser zo mu cyiciro cya mbere zifite umutekano mu gukoreshwa kandi ko zidasaba ingamba z'inyongera ku mutekano, nko kugenzura byihariye cyangwa ibikoresho byo kwirinda.
Ibicuruzwa bya Laser byo mu cyiciro cya mbere ni iki?
Ku rundi ruhande, ibikoresho bya laser byo mu cyiciro cya mbere bishobora kuba birimo laser zifite imbaraga nyinshi (nk'iza laser zo mu cyiciro cya 3 cyangwa icya 4), ariko bifunze neza kugira ngo bigabanye ibyago.
Ibi bikoresho byagenewe kugumana urumuri rwa laser, bikarinda ko rwangirika nubwo laser iri imbere ishobora kuba ikomeye cyane.
Itandukaniro ni irihe?
Nubwo laser zo mu cyiciro cya mbere n'izikoreshwa muri laser zo mu cyiciro cya mbere ari nta kibazo, ntabwo ari kimwe neza.
Laser zo mu cyiciro cya mbere ni laser zikoresha ingufu nkeya zagenewe kuba zifite umutekano mu gihe zikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe, nta bundi burinzi bukenewe.
Urugero, ushobora kureba umurimbo wa laser wo mu cyiciro cya mbere nta jisho ririnda kuko ufite imbaraga nke kandi nta kibazo ufite.
Ariko igicuruzwa cya laser cyo mu cyiciro cya mbere gishobora kuba gifite laser ikomeye kurushaho imbere, kandi nubwo ari byiza kuyikoresha (kuko ifunze), kuyishyira mu mwanya wayo bishobora guteza ibyago mu gihe agakingirizo kayo kangiritse.
Ibikoresho bya Laser bigenzurwa bite?
Ibikoresho bya laser bigenzurwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga na IEC, itanga amabwiriza ku mutekano wa laser.
Impuguke ziturutse mu bihugu bigera kuri 88 zitanga umusanzu muri ibi bipimo, bigizwe mu byiciroibipimo ngenderwaho bya IEC 60825-1.
Aya mabwiriza yemeza ko ibikoresho bya laser bifite umutekano wo kubikoresha ahantu hatandukanye.
Ariko, IEC ntabwo ishyira mu bikorwa aya mahame mu buryo butaziguye.
Bitewe n'aho uherereye, inzego z'ibanze zizaba zifite inshingano zo kubahiriza amategeko agenga umutekano wa laser.
Guhindura amabwiriza ya IEC kugira ngo ahuze n'ibikenewe byihariye (nk'ibyo mu buvuzi cyangwa mu nganda).
Nubwo buri gihugu gishobora kugira amategeko atandukanye gato, ibikoresho bya laser byujuje ibisabwa na IEC muri rusange byemewe ku isi yose.
Mu yandi magambo, iyo ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa na IEC, akenshi byubahiriza amabwiriza yo mu gace by’iwabo, bigatuma birushaho kuba byiza kubikoresha hakurya y’imipaka.
Bite ho niba igicuruzwa cya laser kitari icya mbere?
Byaba byiza, sisitemu zose za laser zaba icyiciro cya mbere kugira ngo zikureho ingaruka zishobora kubaho, ariko mu by'ukuri, laser nyinshi si icyiciro cya mbere.
Sisitemu nyinshi za laser zo mu nganda, nk'izikoreshwa mu gushyira ikimenyetso kuri laser, gusudira laser, gusukura laser, no gutunganya imiterere ya laser, ni laser zo mu cyiciro cya 4.
Imirasire ya Lazeri yo mu cyiciro cya 4:Lazeri ifite imbaraga nyinshi ishobora guteza akaga iyo idacunzwe neza.
Nubwo zimwe muri izi laser zikoreshwa ahantu hagenzurwa (nk'ibyumba byihariye aho abakozi bambara ibikoresho by'umutekano).
Abakora n'abahuza bakunze gufata ingamba z'inyongera kugira ngo laser zo mu cyiciro cya 4 zigire umutekano.
Ibi babikora bashyiramo sisitemu za laser, ibi bikabahinduramo ibikoresho bya laser byo mu cyiciro cya mbere, bakareba ko bikoresha neza.
Urashaka kumenya amabwiriza akurikizwa kuri wewe?
Izindi ngingo n'amakuru ku mutekano wa laser
Gusobanukirwa Umutekano wa Laser: Amabwiriza, Amabwiriza, n'Umutungo
Umutekano wa laser ni ingenzi cyane mu gukumira impanuka no kwemeza ko sisitemu za laser zikoreshwa neza.
Amahame ngenderwaho y’inganda, amabwiriza ya leta, n’andi mafaranga bitanga amabwiriza afasha mu kubungabunga umutekano w’ibikorwa bya laser ku bantu bose babigizemo uruhare.
Dore isesengura ryoroheje ry'ibikoresho by'ingenzi bigufasha gusobanukirwa umutekano wa laser.
Amahame y'ingenzi ku mutekano wa laser
Uburyo bwiza bwo gusobanukirwa neza umutekano wa laser ni ukumenya amahame yashyizweho.
Izi nyandiko ni umusaruro w'ubufatanye hagati y'impuguke mu nganda kandi zitanga amabwiriza yizewe y'uburyo bwo gukoresha lasers mu mutekano.
Iri hame, ryemejwe n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Ubuziranenge cya Amerika (ANSI), ryashyizwe ahagaragara n'Ikigo cya Laser cya Amerika (LIA).
Ni imwe mu mfashanyigisho z'ingenzi ku muntu wese ukoresha laser, itanga amategeko asobanutse neza n'inama ku buryo bwo gukoresha laser mu buryo bwizewe.
Ikubiyemo gushyira mu byiciro imirasire ya laser, amabwiriza y'umutekano, n'ibindi byinshi.
Iri hame, ryemejwe na ANSI, ryagenewe by'umwihariko urwego rw'inganda.
Itanga amabwiriza arambuye y’umutekano ku ikoreshwa rya laser mu nganda, igenzura ko abakozi n’ibikoresho birinzwe ingaruka ziterwa na laser.
Iri hame, ryemejwe na ANSI, ryagenewe by'umwihariko urwego rw'inganda.
Itanga amabwiriza arambuye y’umutekano ku ikoreshwa rya laser mu nganda, igenzura ko abakozi n’ibikoresho birinzwe ingaruka ziterwa na laser.
Amabwiriza ya Guverinoma ku mutekano wa Laser
Mu bihugu byinshi, abakoresha bafite inshingano zemewe n'amategeko zo kurinda umutekano w'abakozi babo mu gihe bakorana na laser.
Dore incamake y'amategeko ajyanye n'ibyo ateganya mu turere dutandukanye:
Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika:
Umutwe wa 21 wa FDA, Igice cya 1040 gishyiraho amahame ngenderwaho ku bicuruzwa bitanga urumuri, harimo na lazeri.
Iri tegeko rigenga ibisabwa mu mutekano ku bicuruzwa bya laser bigurishwa kandi bikoreshwa muri Amerika
Kanada:
Itegeko ry'Umurimo rya Kanada n'ItegekoAmabwiriza agenga ubuzima n'umutekano ku kazi (SOR/86-304)gushyiraho amabwiriza yihariye agenga umutekano mu kazi.
Byongeye kandi, Itegeko rigenga ibikoresho bisohora imirasire n'Itegeko rigenga umutekano n'igenzura ry'ibinyabutabire bya kirimbuzi rireba umutekano w'imirasire ya laser n'ubuzima bw'ibidukikije.
Uburayi:
Mu Burayi,Amabwiriza 89/391/EEChibandwa ku mutekano n'ubuzima bw'abakozi, bitanga urwego rugari rw'umutekano mu kazi.
ItsindaAmabwiriza y'imirasire y'urumuri rw'ubukorano (2006/25/EC)by’umwihariko igamije umutekano wa laser, igenzura imipaka y’ikwirakwizwa ry’imirasire y’urumuri n’ingamba z’umutekano ku mirasire y’urumuri.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-20-2024