Nantsi yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nokhuseleko lwelaser
Ukhuseleko lwelaser luxhomekeke kudidi lwelaser osebenza ngayo.
Okukhona inani leklasi liphezulu, kokukhona kuya kufuneka uthathe amanyathelo okhuseleko angakumbi.
Soloko unikela ingqalelo kwizilumkiso kwaye usebenzise izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo xa kufuneka.
Ukuqonda ukwahlulwahlulwa kwelaser kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba uhlala ukhuselekile ngelixa usebenza nelaser okanye ujikeleze.
Iilaser zahlulwe zibe ziiklasi ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kumanqanaba azo okhuseleko.
Nantsi indlela elula yokwahlulahlula iklasi nganye kunye noko kufuneka ukwazi ngayo.
Zithini iiKlasi zeLaser: Zichaziwe
Qonda Iiklasi ZeLaser = Ukwandisa Ulwazi Lokhuseleko
IiLaser zeKlasi 1
Iilaser zeKlasi yoku-1 zezona zikhuselekileyo.
Azinabungozi emehlweni xa zisetyenziswa ngendlela eqhelekileyo, nokuba zijongwa ixesha elide okanye kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokukhanya.
Ezi lasers zihlala zinamandla aphantsi kakhulu, zihlala zinee-microwave ezimbalwa kuphela.
Kwezinye iimeko, iilaser ezinamandla aphezulu (ezifana neKlasi 3 okanye iKlasi 4) zivaliwe ukuze zibe yiKlasi 1.
Umzekelo, iiprinta zelaser zisebenzisa iilaser ezinamandla aphezulu, kodwa ekubeni zivaliwe, zithathwa njengeeleser zeKlasi yoku-1.
Akufuneki ukhathazeke ngokhuseleko ngaphandle kokuba izixhobo zonakele.
IiLaser zeKlasi ye-1M
Iilaser zeClass 1M zifana neelaser zeClass 1 kuba zihlala zikhuselekile emehlweni phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukhulisa umqadi usebenzisa izixhobo zokubona ezifana neebhayinokula, unokuba yingozi.
Oku kungenxa yokuba umqadi okhulisiweyo ungadlula amanqanaba ombane akhuselekileyo, nangona ungenabungozi emehlweni.
Ii-laser diodes, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano lwe-fiber optic, kunye nezixhobo zokubona isantya se-laser ziphantsi kodidi lweClass 1M.
IiLaser zeKlasi yesi-2
Iilaser zeKlasi yesi-2 zikhuselekile kakhulu ngenxa yokuqhwanyaza kwendalo.
Ukuba ujonge umqadi, amehlo akho aza kuqhwanyaza ngokuzenzekelayo, nto leyo eya kunciphisa ukuvezwa ngaphantsi kwemizuzwana eyi-0.25—oku kudla ngokwanela ukuthintela ingozi.
Ezi lasers zibeka umngcipheko kuphela ukuba ujonge ngabom umqadi.
Iilaser zeKlasi yesi-2 kufuneka zikhuphe ukukhanya okubonakalayo, kuba i-blink reflex isebenza kuphela xa unokubona ukukhanya.
Ezi lasers zihlala zikhawulelwe kwi-1 milliwatt (mW) yamandla aqhubekayo, nangona kwezinye iimeko, umda unokuba phezulu.
IiLaser zeKlasi ye-2M
Iilaser zeKlasi 2M ziyafana neKlasi 2, kodwa kukho umahluko ophambili:
Ukuba ujonga umsebe ngezixhobo zokukhulisa (ezifana neteleskopu), i-blink reflex ayizukukhusela amehlo akho.
Nokuba ukuvezwa kancinci kumqadi okhuliswe kakhulu kunokubangela ukwenzakala.
IiLaser zeKlasi 3R
Iilaser zeKlasi 3R, njengee-laser pointers kunye nezinye ii-laser scanners, zinamandla ngakumbi kuneKlasi 2 kodwa zikhuselekile ukuba ziphathwa ngokuchanekileyo.
Ukujonga ngqo umqadi, ingakumbi ngezixhobo zokukhanya, kunokubangela umonakalo emehlweni.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuyibona okwethutyana akudli ngokuba yingozi.
Iilaser zeClass 3R kufuneka zibe neelebheli zesilumkiso ezicacileyo, njengoko zinokubangela iingozi xa zisetyenziswa gwenxa.
Kwiinkqubo ezindala, iKlasi 3R yayibizwa ngokuba yiKlasi IIIa.
IiLaser zeKlasi 3B
Iilaser zeClass 3B ziyingozi ngakumbi kwaye kufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo.
Ukuvezwa ngqo kwimitha okanye kwimiboniso efana nesipili kunokubangela ukwenzakala kwamehlo okanye ukutsha kwesikhumba.
Kuphela ziindawo ezisasazekileyo nezisasazekileyo ezikhuselekileyo.
Umzekelo, iilaser zeClass 3B eziqhubekayo azifanele zidlule iiwatts ezingama-0.5 kwiiwavelengths eziphakathi kwe-315 nm kunye ne-infrared, ngelixa iilaser ezishukumayo ezikuluhlu olubonakalayo (400–700 nm) azifanele zidlule ii-millijoules ezingama-30.
Ezi lasers zifumaneka rhoqo kwimiboniso yokuzonwabisa.
IiLaser zeKlasi yesi-4
Iilaser zeKlasi yesi-4 zezona ziyingozi kakhulu.
Ezi laser zinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukubangela ukwenzakala okukhulu kwamehlo nolusu, kwaye zinokubangela nomlilo.
Zisetyenziswa kwizicelo zoshishino ezifana nokusika nge-laser, ukuwelda, kunye nokucoca.
Ukuba ukufutshane nelaser yeKlasi yesi-4 ngaphandle kweendlela zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo, usengozini enkulu.
Kwanokukhanya okungangqalanga kunokubangela umonakalo, kwaye izinto ezikufutshane zinokutsha.
Nxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela rhoqo kwaye ulandele imigaqo yokhuseleko.
Ezinye iinkqubo ezinamandla aphezulu, njengoomatshini bokumakisha i-laser abazenzekelayo, zii-laser zeKlasi yesi-4, kodwa zinokuvalelwa ngokukhuselekileyo ukunciphisa iingozi.
Umzekelo, oomatshini beLaserax basebenzisa iilaser ezinamandla, kodwa zenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko yeKlasi 1 xa zivaliwe ngokupheleleyo.
Iingozi ezahlukeneyo ezinokwenzeka zeLaser
Ukuqonda iiNgozi zeLaser: Iingozi zamehlo, ulusu kunye nomlilo
Iilaser zinokuba yingozi ukuba aziphathwanga kakuhle, zineentlobo ezintathu eziphambili zeengozi: ukwenzakala kwamehlo, ukutsha kwesikhumba, kunye neengozi zomlilo.
Ukuba inkqubo yelaser ayifakwanga kwiClass 1 (udidi olukhuselekileyo), abasebenzi kuloo ndawo kufuneka bahlale benxibe izixhobo zokuzikhusela, ezifana neeglasi zokhuseleko zamehlo abo kunye neesuti ezikhethekileyo zesikhumba sabo.
Ukulimala Kwamehlo: Eyona Ngozi Imbi Kakhulu
Ukulimala kwamehlo ngenxa ye-laser yeyona nto ixhalabisa kakhulu kuba kunokubangela umonakalo ongunaphakade okanye ubumfama.
Nantsi isizathu sokuba ezi zingozi zenzeke kunye nendlela yokuzithintela.
Xa ukukhanya kwelaser kungena elisweni, i-cornea kunye nelensi zisebenza kunye ukuze ziyijolise kwi-retina (umva weliso).
Olu kukhanya luqinisiweyo emva koko lucutshungulwa yingqondo ukuze kwenziwe imifanekiso.
Nangona kunjalo, la malungu eliso—i-cornea, ilensi, kunye ne-retina—asengozini enkulu yokonakala yi-laser.
Naluphi na uhlobo lwelaser lunokuwonakalisa amehlo, kodwa amanye amaza okukhanya ayingozi kakhulu.
Umzekelo, oomatshini abaninzi bokukrola nge-laser bakhupha ukukhanya kwiindawo ezikufutshane ne-infrared (700–2000 nm) okanye ezikude ne-infrared (4000–11,000+ nm), ezingabonakaliyo emehlweni omntu.
Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kufunxwa kancinci ngumphezulu weliso ngaphambi kokuba kujoliswe kwi-retina, nto leyo enceda ekunciphiseni impembelelo yako.
Nangona kunjalo, ukukhanya kwe-infrared kuyawugqitha lo khuselo kuba akubonakali, oko kuthetha ukuba kufikelela kwi-retina ngamandla apheleleyo, nto leyo eyenza kube yingozi ngakumbi.
La mandla agqithisileyo anokutshisa i-retina, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni umntu abe ngaboni okanye enze umonakalo omkhulu.
Iilaser ezine-wavelengths ezingaphantsi kwama-400 nm (kwi-ultraviolet range) zinokubangela umonakalo we-photochemical, njenge-cataracts, ezigcina umbono ufiphele ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokukhusela amehlo ekonakalisweni yilaser kukunxiba iiglasi zokhuseleko zelaser ezifanelekileyo.
Ezi goggles zenzelwe ukufunxa amaza okukhanya ayingozi.
Umzekelo, ukuba usebenza nenkqubo ye-laser yefayibha yeLaserax, uya kufuna iiglasi ezikhusela ukukhanya kwe-1064 nm.
Iingozi Zesikhumba: Ukutsha kunye Nomonakalo Weekhemikhali
Nangona ukwenzakala kolusu ngenxa ye-laser ngokuqhelekileyo kungaphantsi kakhulu kunokulimala kwamehlo, kusafuneka kuqwalaselwe.
Ukudibana ngqo nomqadi welaser okanye ukubonakaliswa kwawo okufana nesipili kunokutshisa ulusu, njengokuchukumisa isitovu esishushu.
Ubunzima bokutsha buxhomekeke kumandla elaser, ubude bomda, ixesha lokuvezwa, kunye nobukhulu bendawo echaphazelekayo.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zomonakalo wolusu oluvela kwi-laser:
Umonakalo obushushu
Kufana nokutsha okuvela kwindawo eshushu.
Umonakalo we-Photochemical
Njengokutshiswa lilanga, kodwa kubangelwa kukuvezwa kumaza athile okukhanya.
Nangona ukwenzakala kwesikhumba kudla ngokuba kuncinci njengokwenzakala kwamehlo, kusabalulekile ukusebenzisa impahla yokuzikhusela kunye nezikhuselo ukunciphisa umngcipheko.
Iingozi zoMlilo: Indlela iiLaser ezinokuthi zivuthise ngayo izinto
Iilaser—ingakumbi iilaser zeClass 4 ezinamandla aphezulu—zibeka emngciphekweni womlilo.
Imisebe yazo, kunye nayo nayiphi na indlela yokukhanya ekhanyayo (nokuba kukukhanya okusasazekayo okanye okusasazekileyo), inokutshisa izinto ezivuthayo kwindawo engqongileyo.
Ukuthintela imililo, iilaser zeClass 4 kufuneka zivalwe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye iindlela zazo zokubonakalisa kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo.
Oku kuquka ukubala ukubonakaliswa ngokuthe ngqo nokusasazeka kwezinto, okusenokubangela amandla aneleyo okuqalisa umlilo ukuba okusingqongileyo akulawulwa ngononophelo.
Yintoni iMveliso yeLaser yeKlasi yoku-1
Ukuqonda iileyibhile zokhuseleko lwelaser: zithetha ukuthini ngokwenene?
Iimveliso zeLaser kuyo yonke indawo ziphawulwe ngeelebheli zesilumkiso, kodwa ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba ezi lebheli zithetha ukuthini ngokwenene?
Ngokukodwa, lithetha ukuthini ilebheli ethi "Class 1", kwaye ngubani ogqiba ukuba zeziphi iilebheli eziya kwiimveliso ezinjani? Masiyihlalutye.
Yintoni iLaser yeKlasi yoku-1?
I-laser yeKlasi yoku-1 luhlobo lwe-laser oluhlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko engqongqo ebekwe yiKhomishini ye-Electrotechnical yeHlabathi (i-IEC).
Le migangatho iqinisekisa ukuba iilaser zeClass 1 zikhuselekile ukusetyenziswa kwaye azidingi manyathelo okhuseleko ongezelelweyo, njengolawulo olukhethekileyo okanye izixhobo zokukhusela.
Yintoni iMveliso yeLaser yeKlasi yoku-1?
Iimveliso zelaser zeKlasi yoku-1, kwelinye icala, zinokuqulatha iilaser ezinamandla aphezulu (ezifana neelaser zeKlasi yesi-3 okanye yeKlasi yesi-4), kodwa zivaliwe ngokukhuselekileyo ukunciphisa iingozi.
Ezi mveliso zenzelwe ukugcina umqadi welaser ungangeni, ukuthintela ukuvezwa nangona ilaser engaphakathi inokuba namandla ngakumbi.
Yintoni umahluko?
Nangona zombini iilaser zeKlasi yoku-1 kunye neemveliso zelaser zeKlasi yoku-1 zikhuselekile, azifani ncam.
Iilaser zeKlasi yoku-1 ziilaser ezinamandla aphantsi ezenzelwe ukuba zikhuseleke xa zisetyenziswa ngendlela eqhelekileyo, ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokhuseleko olongezelelweyo.
Umzekelo, ungajonga ngokukhuselekileyo umqadi welaser weKlasi yoku-1 ongenazo izikhuselo kuba unamandla amancinci kwaye ukhuselekile.
Kodwa imveliso yelaser yeClass 1 inokuba nelaser enamandla ngakumbi ngaphakathi, kwaye nangona ikhuselekile ukuyisebenzisa (kuba ivaliwe), ukuvezwa ngokuthe ngqo kusenokuba yingozi ukuba indawo ebiyelweyo yonakele.
Iimveliso zeLaser zilawulwa njani?
Iimveliso zelaser zilawulwa ngamazwe ngamazwe yi-IEC, enika izikhokelo malunga nokhuseleko lwelaser.
Iingcali ezivela kumazwe amalunga nama-88 zinegalelo kule migangatho, zibekwe phantsiumgangatho we-IEC 60825-1.
Ezi zikhokelo ziqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ze-laser zikhuselekile ukuzisebenzisa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Nangona kunjalo, i-IEC ayizinyanzelisi ngokuthe ngqo ezi Migangatho.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo okuyo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baya kuba noxanduva lokuqinisekisa imithetho yokhuseleko nge-laser.
Ukulungelelanisa izikhokelo ze-IEC ukuze zilungele iimfuno ezithile (ezifana nezo zikwimeko yezonyango okanye yemizi-mveliso).
Nangona ilizwe ngalinye lisenokuba nemigaqo eyahlukileyo kancinci, iimveliso zelaser ezihlangabezana nemigangatho ye-IEC ngokubanzi zamkelwe kwihlabathi liphela.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba imveliso ihlangabezana nemigangatho ye-IEC, idla ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yendawo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuyisebenzisa ngaphaya kwemida.
Kuthekani Ukuba Imveliso yeLaser Ayisiyo iKlasi yoku-1?
Ngokufanelekileyo, zonke iinkqubo ze-laser ziya kuba yiKlasi yoku-1 ukuze kupheliswe iingozi ezinokubakho, kodwa eneneni, uninzi lwee-laser azikho kwiKlasi yoku-1.
Iinkqubo ezininzi zelaser zoshishino, ezifana nezo zisetyenziselwa ukumakisha ngelaser, ukuwelda ngelaser, ukucoca ngelaser, kunye nokuthungwa ngelaser, ziilaser zeClass 4.
IiLaser zeKlasi yesi-4:Iilaser ezinamandla aphezulu ezinokuba yingozi ukuba azilawulwa ngononophelo.
Nangona ezinye zezi lasers zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezilawulwayo (ezifana namagumbi akhethekileyo apho abasebenzi banxiba khona izixhobo zokhuseleko).
Abavelisi kunye nabadibanisi badla ngokuthatha amanyathelo ongezelelweyo ukwenza iileyiza zeKlasi yesi-4 zikhuseleke ngakumbi.
Benza oku ngokufaka iinkqubo zelaser, eziziguqula zibe ziimveliso zelaser zeKlasi yoku-1, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zikhuselekile ukuzisebenzisa.
Ngaba ufuna ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi iMithetho esebenzayo kuwe?
Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo kunye nolwazi malunga noKhuseleko lweLaser
Ukuqonda uKhuseleko lweLaser: Imigangatho, iMimiselo, kunye neZixhobo
Ukhuseleko lwelaser lubalulekile ekuthinteleni iingozi nasekuqinisekiseni ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kweenkqubo zelaser.
Imigangatho yoshishino, imigaqo karhulumente, kunye nezinye izixhobo zibonelela ngezikhokelo ezinceda ukugcina imisebenzi yelaser ikhuselekile kubo bonke ababandakanyekayo.
Nantsi indlela elula yokwahlulahlula izixhobo eziphambili ukuze ikuncede ekuqondeni ukhuseleko lwelaser.
Imigangatho ephambili yoKhuseleko lweLaser
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufumana ulwazi olupheleleyo ngokhuseleko lwe-laser kukuqhelana nemigangatho esele imiselwe.
La maxwebhu ayimiphumo yentsebenziswano phakathi kweengcali zoshishino kwaye anika izikhokelo ezithembekileyo zendlela yokusebenzisa iileyiza ngokukhuselekileyo.
Lo mgangatho, ovunyiweyo yi-American National Standards Institute (ANSI), upapashwe yi-Laser Institute of America (LIA).
Yenye yezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo kuye nabani na osebenzisa iileyiza, inika imithetho ecacileyo kunye neengcebiso zeendlela zokusebenzisa iileyiza ezikhuselekileyo.
Iquka ukwahlulwahlulwa nge-laser, imigaqo yokhuseleko, nokunye okuninzi.
Lo mgangatho, nawo ovunyiweyo yi-ANSI, wenzelwe ngokukodwa icandelo lokuvelisa.
Inika izikhokelo zokhuseleko ezineenkcukacha zokusetyenziswa kwelaser kwiindawo zoshishino, iqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo bakhuselekile kwiingozi ezinxulumene nelaser.
Lo mgangatho, nawo ovunyiweyo yi-ANSI, wenzelwe ngokukodwa icandelo lokuvelisa.
Inika izikhokelo zokhuseleko ezineenkcukacha zokusetyenziswa kwelaser kwiindawo zoshishino, iqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo bakhuselekile kwiingozi ezinxulumene nelaser.
Imimiselo kaRhulumente yoKhuseleko lweLaser
Kumazwe amaninzi, abaqeshi banoxanduva ngokusemthethweni lokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi babo xa besebenza nge-laser.
Nantsi ingcaciso epheleleyo yemithetho efanelekileyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo:
Amazwe Amanyene:
Isihloko se-FDA 21, Icandelo 1040 limisela imigangatho yokusebenza kweemveliso ezikhupha ukukhanya, kuquka iileyiza.
Lo mthetho ulawula iimfuno zokhuseleko kwiimveliso ze-laser ezithengiswayo nezisetyenziswa eMelika
Khanada:
IKhowudi yaBasebenzi yaseKhanada kunyeImigaqo yezeMpilo noKhuseleko emsebenzini (SOR/86-304)imisele imigaqo ethile yokhuseleko kwindawo yokusebenza.
Ukongeza, uMthetho weeMitha ezikhupha iMitha kunye noMthetho woKhuseleko noLawulo lweNyukliya zijongana nokhuseleko lwemitha yelaser kunye nempilo yokusingqongileyo.
IYurophu:
EYurophu,Umyalelo 89/391/EECigxile kukhuseleko kunye nempilo emsebenzini, ibonelela ngesakhelo esibanzi sokhuseleko emsebenzini.
IImiyalelo yeMisebe yoBugcisa bokwenziwa (2006/25/EC)ijolise ngokukodwa kukhuseleko lwelaser, ilawula imida yokuchatshazelwa kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko kwimitha ye-optical.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-20-2024