Lokhu Konke Okufanele Ukwazi Ngokuphepha Nge-Laser
Ukuphepha kwe-laser kuncike kuhlobo lwe-laser osebenza ngayo.
Uma inani lekilasi liphezulu, kulapho kuzodingeka uthathe khona izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe.
Hlala ulalela izixwayiso futhi usebenzise imishini yokuzivikela efanele uma kudingeka.
Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa nge-laser kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlala uphephile ngenkathi usebenza nama-laser noma eduze kwawo.
Ama-Laser ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezahlukene ngokusekelwe emazingeni awo okuphepha.
Nansi incazelo ecacile yekilasi ngalinye nokuthi yini okudingeka ukwazi ngayo.
Ayini Amakilasi E-Laser: Kuchazwe
Qonda Amakilasi E-Laser = Ukwandisa Ukuqwashisa Ngokuphepha
Ama-Laser ekilasi 1
Ama-laser ekilasi 1 ayindlela ephephe kakhulu.
Azinangozi emehlweni ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa okuvamile, noma ngabe zibukwa isikhathi eside noma ngezinsimbi zokubona.
Lawa ma-laser ngokuvamile anamandla aphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile ama-microwave ambalwa nje.
Kwezinye izimo, ama-laser anamandla aphezulu (njenge-Class 3 noma i-Class 4) afakiwe ukuze awenze abe yi-Class 1.
Isibonelo, amaphrinta e-laser asebenzisa ama-laser anamandla amakhulu, kodwa njengoba evalekile, abhekwa njengama-laser e-Class 1.
Akudingeki ukhathazeke ngokuphepha ngaphandle kokuthi imishini yonakele.
Ama-Laser ekilasi 1M
Ama-laser e-Class 1M afana nama-laser e-Class 1 ngoba ngokuvamile aphephile emehlweni ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
Kodwa-ke, uma ukhulisa umsebe usebenzisa amathuluzi okubona njenge-binoculars, kungaba yingozi.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umsebe okhulisiwe ungadlula amazinga wamandla aphephile, yize ungenangozi emehlweni enyama.
Ama-diode e-laser, izinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-fiber optic, kanye nezitholi zejubane le-laser ziwela esigabeni se-Class 1M.
Ama-Laser ekilasi lesi-2
Ama-laser ekilasi lesi-2 aphephile kakhulu ngenxa yokuphazima ngokwemvelo.
Uma ubheka umsebe, amehlo akho azocwayiza ngokuzenzakalelayo, anciphise ukuchayeka ngaphansi kwemizuzwana engu-0.25—lokhu kuvame ukwanele ukuvimbela ukulimala.
La ma-laser ayingozi kuphela uma ubheka ngamabomu ugongolo.
Ama-laser ekilasi lesi-2 kumele akhiphe ukukhanya okubonakalayo, njengoba i-blink reflex isebenza kuphela uma ubona ukukhanya.
Lawa ma-laser ngokuvamile anqunyelwe ku-1 milliwatt (mW) yamandla aqhubekayo, nakuba kwezinye izimo, umkhawulo ungaba phezulu.
Ama-Laser ekilasi le-2M
Ama-laser e-Class 2M afana ne-Class 2, kodwa kukhona umehluko omkhulu:
Uma ubuka umsebe ngamathuluzi okukhulisa (njengeteleskopu), ukukhanya okukhanyayo ngeke kuwavikele amehlo akho.
Ngisho nokuchayeka isikhashana emsebeni okhulisiwe kungabangela ukulimala.
Ama-Laser ekilasi lesi-3
Ama-laser e-Class 3R, njengezikhombisi ze-laser kanye nezinye izikena ze-laser, anamandla kakhulu kune-Class 2 kodwa asaphephile uma ephathwa kahle.
Ukubheka ngqo umsebe, ikakhulukazi ngezinsimbi zokubona, kungabangela umonakalo emehlweni.
Nokho, ukuchayeka isikhashana ngokuvamile akulimazi.
Ama-laser e-Class 3R kumele abe namalebula acacile okuxwayisa, njengoba angaba yingozi uma esetshenziswa kabi.
Ezinhlelweni ezindala, iKlasi 3R yayibizwa ngokuthi iKlasi IIIa.
Ama-Laser ekilasi lesi-3B
Ama-laser e-Class 3B ayingozi kakhulu futhi kufanele aphathwe ngokuqapha.
Ukuchayeka ngqo emsebeni noma ekukhanyeni okufana nesibuko kungabangela ukulimala kwamehlo noma ukusha kwesikhumba.
Ukuzindla okusakazekile nokusabalele kuphela okuphephile.
Isibonelo, ama-laser e-Class 3B angamagagasi aqhubekayo akufanele adlule ama-watts angu-0.5 ngama-wavelength aphakathi kuka-315 nm kanye ne-infrared, kuyilapho ama-laser ashukunyiswayo ebangeni elibonakalayo (400–700 nm) akufanele adlule ama-millijoule angu-30.
Lawa ma-laser avame ukutholakala emibukisweni yokukhanya kwezokuzijabulisa.
Ama-Laser ekilasi lesi-4
Ama-laser ekilasi lesi-4 ayingozi kakhulu.
Lawa ma-laser anamandla anele ukubangela ukulimala okukhulu kwamehlo nesikhumba, futhi angaze aqale ngisho nomlilo.
Zisetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni zezimboni ezifana nokusika nge-laser, ukushisela, kanye nokuhlanza.
Uma useduze ne-laser yekilasi lesi-4 ngaphandle kwezinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele, usengozini enkulu.
Ngisho nokukhanya okungaqondile kungabangela umonakalo, futhi izinto eziseduze zingase zibambe umlilo.
Gqoka njalo izinto zokuzivikela futhi ulandele imigomo yokuphepha.
Ezinye izinhlelo ezinamandla amakhulu, njengemishini yokumaka i-laser ezenzakalelayo, ziyi-laser ze-Class 4, kodwa zingavalwa ngokuphephile ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi.
Isibonelo, imishini yeLaserax isebenzisa ama-laser anamandla, kodwa aklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha zeSigaba 1 uma evalwe ngokuphelele.
Izingozi Ezihlukahlukene Ezingenzeka Ze-Laser
Ukuqonda Izingozi Ze-Laser: Izingozi Zamehlo, Isikhumba, Nomlilo
Ama-laser angaba yingozi uma engaphathwa kahle, anezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezingozi: ukulimala kwamehlo, ukusha kwesikhumba, kanye nezingozi zomlilo.
Uma uhlelo lwe-laser lungafakwanga esigabeni 1 (isigaba esiphephile), abasebenzi endaweni kufanele bahlale begqoke imishini yokuzivikela, njengezibuko zokuphepha zamehlo abo kanye namasudi akhethekile esikhumba sabo.
Ukulimala Kwamehlo: Ingozi Enkulu Kakhulu
Ukulimala kwamehlo okuvela kuma-laser kuyinkinga ebaluleke kakhulu ngoba kungabangela umonakalo ohlala njalo noma ubumpumputhe.
Nasi isizathu esenza lokhu kulimala kwenzeke nokuthi ungakuvimbela kanjani.
Uma ukukhanya kwe-laser kungena esweni, i-cornea kanye nelensi kusebenza ndawonye ukuze kuyigxilise ku-retina (ingemuva leso).
Lokhu kukhanya okugxilile kube sekucubungula ubuchopho ukuze kudalwe izithombe.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zingxenye zamehlo—i-cornea, ilensi, kanye ne-retina—zisengozini enkulu yokulimala nge-laser.
Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-laser lungalimaza amehlo, kodwa amanye amaza okukhanya ayingozi kakhulu.
Isibonelo, imishini eminingi yokuqopha nge-laser ikhipha ukukhanya ezindaweni eziseduze kwe-infrared (700–2000 nm) noma ezikude kakhulu kwe-infrared (4000–11,000+ nm), ezingabonakali emehlweni omuntu.
Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kumuncwa kancane ubuso beso ngaphambi kokuba kugxile kwi-retina, okusiza ukunciphisa umthelela wako.
Kodwa-ke, ukukhanya kwe-infrared kuyadlula lokhu kuvikelwa ngoba akubonakali, okusho ukuthi kufinyelela ku-retina ngamandla aphelele, okwenza kube yingozi kakhulu.
Lawa mandla angaphezulu angashisa i-retina, okuholela ekubeni yimpumputhe noma ekulimaleni okukhulu.
Ama-laser anama-wavelength angaphansi kuka-400 nm (ebangeni le-ultraviolet) angabangela nomonakalo we-photochemical, njenge-cataracts, efiphaza umbono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekulimaleni kwamehlo nge-laser ukugqoka izibuko zokuphepha ze-laser ezifanele.
Lezi zibuko zenzelwe ukumunca amaza okukhanya ayingozi.
Isibonelo, uma usebenza nohlelo lwe-laser ye-fiber laser ye-Laserax, uzodinga izibuko zokuvikela ezivikela ekukhanyeni kwe-wavelength engu-1064 nm.
Izingozi Zesikhumba: Ukusha kanye Nomonakalo We-Photochemical
Nakuba ukulimala kwesikhumba okuvela kuma-laser ngokuvamile kuncane kakhulu kunokulimala kwamehlo, kusadinga ukunakekelwa.
Ukuthintana ngqo nomsebe we-laser noma ukubonakaliswa kwawo okufana nesibuko kungashisa isikhumba, njengokuthinta isitofu esishisayo.
Ubukhulu bokusha buxhomeke emandleni e-laser, ubude be-wavelength, isikhathi sokuvezwa, kanye nobukhulu bendawo ethintekile.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokulimala kwesikhumba okuvela kuma-laser:
Umonakalo Wokushisa
Kufana nokusha okuvela endaweni eshisayo.
Umonakalo we-Photochemical
Njengokushiswa yilanga, kodwa okubangelwa ukuchayeka kumaza athile okukhanya.
Nakuba ukulimala kwesikhumba ngokuvamile kungeyona ingozi kangako njengokulimala kwamehlo, kusabalulekile ukusebenzisa izingubo zokuzivikela kanye nezihlangu ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi.
Izingozi Zomlilo: Indlela Ama-Laser Angavuthisa Ngayo Izinto
Ama-laser—ikakhulukazi ama-laser e-Class 4 anamandla amakhulu—ayingozi yomlilo.
Imisebe yazo, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukukhanya okukhanyayo (ngisho nokukhanyayo okusabalele noma okusakazekile), kungavuthisa izinto ezivuthayo endaweni ezungezile.
Ukuze kuvinjelwe imililo, ama-laser e-Class 4 kumele afakwe kahle, futhi izindlela zawo zokubonisa ezingaba khona kufanele zicatshangelwe ngokucophelela.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubala kokubili ukuzindla okuqondile nokusabalala, okungase kuthwale amandla anele okuqala umlilo uma indawo ezungezile ingaphathwa kahle.
Uyini Umkhiqizo We-Laser Wekilasi 1
Ukuqonda Amalebula Okuphepha Nge-Laser: Asho Ukuthini Ngempela?
Imikhiqizo ye-laser yonke indawo inamalebula esixwayiso, kodwa wake wazibuza ukuthi lawa malebula asho ukuthini ngempela?
Ngokuqondile, lisho ukuthini ilebula elithi "Class 1", futhi ubani onquma ukuthi yimaphi amalebula asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni? Ake sixoxe ngakho.
Iyini i-Laser yekilasi 1?
I-laser yekilasi 1 uhlobo lwe-laser oluhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha eziqinile ezibekwe yi-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Lezi zindinganiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi ama-laser e-Class 1 aphephile ngokwemvelo ukusetshenziswa futhi awadingi noma yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe, njengezilawuli ezikhethekile noma imishini yokuzivikela.
Iyini Imikhiqizo Ye-Laser Yekilasi 1?
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imikhiqizo ye-laser ye-Class 1 ingaqukatha ama-laser anamandla aphezulu (njenge-laser ye-Class 3 noma ye-Class 4), kodwa avaliwe ngokuphephile ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi.
Le mikhiqizo yenzelwe ukugcina umsebe we-laser uvalekile, ukuvimbela ukuchayeka yize i-laser engaphakathi ingaba namandla kakhulu.
Uyini Umehluko?
Ngisho noma kokubili imikhiqizo ye-laser ye-Class 1 kanye ne-laser ye-Class 1 iphephile, ayifani ncamashi.
Ama-laser e-Class 1 angama-laser anamandla aphansi aklanyelwe ukuba aphephe ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa okuvamile, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuvikelwa okwengeziwe.
Isibonelo, ungabheka ngokuphephile umsebe we-laser we-Class 1 ongenazo izibuko zokuvikela ngoba unamandla amancane futhi uphephile.
Kodwa umkhiqizo we-laser we-Class 1 ungaba ne-laser enamandla kakhulu ngaphakathi, futhi yize kuphephile ukuyisebenzisa (ngoba ivaliwe), ukuchayeka ngqo kungase kube yingozi uma indawo evalekile yonakele.
Ilawulwa Kanjani Imikhiqizo Ye-Laser?
Imikhiqizo ye-laser ilawulwa emhlabeni wonke yi-IEC, enikeza iziqondiso ngokuphepha kwe-laser.
Ochwepheshe abavela emazweni angaba ngu-88 banikela kulezi zindinganiso, eziqoqwe ngaphansiindinganiso ye-IEC 60825-1.
Lezi ziqondiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ye-laser iphephile ukuyisebenzisa ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Kodwa-ke, i-IEC Ayiziphoqeleli Ngokuqondile Lezi Zimiso.
Kuye ngokuthi ukuphi, iziphathimandla zendawo zizoba nesibopho sokuphoqelela imithetho yokuphepha nge-laser.
Ukuguqula iziqondiso ze-IEC ukuze zivumelane nezidingo ezithile (njengalezo ezisezindaweni zezokwelapha noma zezimboni).
Nakuba izwe ngalinye lingase libe nemithethonqubo ehlukene kancane, imikhiqizo ye-laser ehlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-IEC ngokuvamile iyamukelwa emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngamanye amazwi, uma umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-IEC, uvame ukuhambisana nemithetho yendawo, okwenza kube okuphephile ukuwusebenzisa ngaphesheya kwemingcele.
Kuthiwani Uma Umkhiqizo We-Laser Ungeyona Iklasi 1?
Kungcono kakhulu, zonke izinhlelo ze-laser zingaba yiSigaba 1 ukuze kuqedwe izingozi ezingaba khona, kodwa empeleni, iningi lama-laser alisiSigaba 1.
Izinhlelo eziningi ze-laser zezimboni, njengalezo ezisetshenziselwa ukumaka i-laser, ukushisela i-laser, ukuhlanza i-laser, kanye nokuthungwa kwe-laser, ziyi-laser ze-Class 4.
Ama-Laser ekilasi lesi-4:Ama-laser anamandla amakhulu angaba yingozi uma engalawulwa ngokucophelela.
Nakuba amanye alawa ma-laser asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezilawulwayo (njengamakamelo akhethekile lapho abasebenzi begqoka khona izinto zokuphepha).
Abakhiqizi nabahlanganisi bavame ukuthatha izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokwenza ama-laser e-Class 4 aphephe kakhulu.
Benza lokhu ngokufaka izinhlelo ze-laser, eziziguqula zibe imikhiqizo ye-laser yeSigaba 1, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziphephile ukuzisebenzisa.
Ufuna Ukwazi ukuthi Yimiphi Imithetho Esebenzayo Kuwe?
Izinsizakusebenza Ezengeziwe kanye Nolwazi Ngokuphepha Kwe-Laser
Ukuqonda Ukuphepha Nge-Laser: Izindinganiso, Imithethonqubo, kanye Nezinsizakusebenza
Ukuphepha kwe-laser kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni izingozi nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle kwezinhlelo ze-laser.
Izindinganiso zemboni, imithetho kahulumeni, kanye nezinsiza ezengeziwe zinikeza iziqondiso ezisiza ukugcina imisebenzi ye-laser iphephile kubo bonke abathintekayo.
Nansi incazelo elula yezinsiza ezibalulekile zokukuqondisa ekuqondeni ukuphepha kwe-laser.
Izindinganiso Eziyinhloko Zokuphepha Kwe-Laser
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola ukuqonda okuphelele ngokuphepha nge-laser iwukuzijwayeza izindinganiso ezimisiwe.
Le mibhalo iwumphumela wokubambisana phakathi kochwepheshe bemboni futhi inikeza iziqondiso ezithembekile zendlela yokusebenzisa ama-laser ngokuphephile.
Le nqubo, evunyiwe yi-American National Standards Institute (ANSI), inyatheliswa yi-Laser Institute of America (LIA).
Kungenye yezinsiza ezibaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani osebenzisa ama-laser, okunikeza imithetho ecacile kanye nezincomo zemikhuba ephephile ye-laser.
Ihlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa nge-laser, izinqubo zokuphepha, nokunye okuningi.
Le nqubo, nayo evunyelwe yi-ANSI, yenzelwe ngqo umkhakha wokukhiqiza.
Inikeza iziqondiso zokuphepha ezinemininingwane zokusetshenziswa kwe-laser ezindaweni zezimboni, okuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi kanye nemishini bavikelekile ezingozini ezihlobene ne-laser.
Le nqubo, nayo evunyelwe yi-ANSI, yenzelwe ngqo umkhakha wokukhiqiza.
Inikeza iziqondiso zokuphepha ezinemininingwane zokusetshenziswa kwe-laser ezindaweni zezimboni, okuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi kanye nemishini bavikelekile ezingozini ezihlobene ne-laser.
Imithetho Kahulumeni Yokuphepha Nge-Laser
Emazweni amaningi, abaqashi banomthwalo wemfanelo osemthethweni wokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi babo lapho besebenza ngama-laser.
Nasi isifinyezo semithethonqubo efanele ezifundeni ezahlukene:
I-united states:
Isihloko se-FDA 21, Ingxenye 1040 sisungula amazinga okusebenza kwemikhiqizo ekhipha ukukhanya, okuhlanganisa nama-laser.
Lo mthetho ulawula izidingo zokuphepha zemikhiqizo ye-laser ethengiswa futhi esetshenziswa e-US
IKhanada:
Ikhodi Yezabasebenzi yaseCanada kanyeImithethonqubo Yezempilo Nokuphepha Emsebenzini (SOR/86-304)beka iziqondiso ezithile zokuphepha endaweni yokusebenza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthetho Wezinto Ezikhipha Imisebe kanye noMthetho Wokuphepha Nokulawula Inyukliya ubhekana nokuphepha kwemisebe ye-laser kanye nempilo yemvelo.
IYurophu:
EYurophu, i-Isiqondiso 89/391/EECigxile ekuphepheni nasempilweni yomsebenzi, ihlinzeka ngohlaka olubanzi lokuphepha emsebenzini.
IIsiqondiso Sokwenziwa Kwemisebe Yokukhanya (2006/25/EC)ihlose ngqo ukuphepha kwe-laser, ilawula imikhawulo yokuchayeka kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha zemisebe yokukhanya.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-20-2024