Ngaba Iimashini Zokucoca Ngelaser Ziyasebenza Ngokwenene? [Indlela Yokukhetha Ngo-2024]
Impendulo ethe ngqo nelula yile:
Ewe bayenzakwaye, kunjaloindlela esebenzayo nefanelekileyo yokususa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezingcolisayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Ezi zixhobo zikhethekileyo zisebenzisa amandla emitha yelaser egxile ekutshiseni, okanye ekutshiseni, izinto ezingafunekiyo.ngaphandle kokonakalisa umphezulu ongaphantsi.
Ukukhetha umatshini wokususa umhlwa weLaser ongcono kunokuba nzima, kulapho ke singena khona.
Uluhlu Lomxholo:
1. Ngaba iiMishini zokucoca ngeLaser ziyasebenza ngokwenene? [Ukususa umhlwa kwisinyithi ngeLaser]
Enye yezona nzuzo ziphambili zokucoca nge-laser kukukwazi kwayojolise ngokukhetha kwaye ususe izinto ezithile ezingcolisayongelixa ushiya izinto ezisisiseko ziphelele.
Oku kuyenza ibe luncedo ngakumbiiindawo ezibuthathaka okanye ezibuthathaka, apho iindlela zokucoca zesintu zinokuba rhabaxa kakhulu okanye zingenise iikhemikhali ezingafunekiyo.
Ukusuka ekususeni ipeyinti,umhlwa, kwaye ulinganiseleiindawo zesinyithiUkucoca izinto ze-elektroniki ezithambileyo, ukucocwa nge-laser kuye kwabonakala kuluncedo kakhulu.
Ukusebenza kakuhle koomatshini bokucoca nge-laser kuxhomekeke kakhuluiiparameter ezithile ze-laser, njengobude bomda, amandla, kunye nobude bexesha lokubetha kwentliziyo.
Ngokulungisa ngononophelo ezi zicwangciso, abaqhubi banokwenza ngcono inkqubo yokucoca izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo zezinto ezingcolisayo.
Ukongeza, ukugxila kwelaser kunye nobukhulu bendawo bunokulungiswa ngokweethagethiiindawo ezincinci nezichanekileyo okanye ugqume iindawo ezinkulu njengoko kufuneka.
Nangona oomatshini bokucoca nge-laser befuna utyalo-mali olukhulu lokuqala xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokucoca zemveli.
Iingenelo zexesha elide zihlala zingaphezulu kuneendleko zangaphambili.
Inkqubo idla ngokubangokukhawuleza, rhoqo, kwaye kuvelisa inkunkuma encincikunokucoca ngesandla okanye ngekhemikhali.
Ngaphezu koko, ukukwazi ukwenza inkqubo yokucoca ngokuzenzekelayo kunokukhokelela ekugcinweni kwexesha elininzi kunye nokonga abasebenzi, okwenza ukucocwa nge-laser kube lukhetho olunomtsalane kwizicelo zoshishino nezorhwebo.
Ekugqibeleni, umbuzo wokuba ingaba oomatshini bokucoca nge-laser bayasebenza ngokwenene uxhomekeke kwisicelo esithile kunye neziphumo zokucoca ezifunekayo.
2. Ungayikhetha njani iMishini yokususa umhlwa yeLaser engcono kakhulu? [Yeyakho]
Inyathelo lokuqala nelibaluleke kakhulu kukuzichaze ngokucacileyo iimfuno ezithile zokucoca.
Kubandakanyauhlobo lwezinto ezingcolisayo, izinto ezikumphezulu oza kucocwa, kunye nenqanaba elifunekayo lokucoceka.
Wakuba uziqondile kakuhle iinjongo zakho zokucoca, ungaqala ukuvavanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucoca umatshini nge-laser ezikhoyo kwimarike.
Ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uziqwalasele ziquka:
1. Uhlobo lweLaser kunye nobude beWavelength:
Iiteknoloji ezahlukeneyo zelaser, ezifana ne-Nd:YAG, i-fiber, okanye i-CO2 lasers, zisebenza kwiiwavelengths ezahlukeneyo.
Bonke banayoamandla nobuthathaka obahlukeneyoxa kufikwa ekucoceni izinto ezahlukeneyo.
Ukukhetha uhlobo lwelaser olufanelekileyo kubalulekile ukuze kuphuculwe inkqubo yokucoca.
2. Amandla kunye noBude bePulse:
Ukuphuma kwamandla kwelaser kunye nobude be-pulseichaphazela ngqoukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca kunye nokukwazi ukususa iintlobo ezithile zezinto ezingcolisayo.
Amandla aphezulu kunye nobude bentliziyo obufutshane busebenza ngakumbiyokususa iidiphozithi eziqinileyo okanye eziqinileyo.
3. Ubungakanani bebala kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemitha:
Ubungakanani bendawo egxile kwi-laser kunye nendlela yokuhanjiswa kwemitha (umz., i-fiber optic, ingalo edibeneyo)inokuchonga indawo enokucoca ngaxeshanye.
Kunye nokuchaneka kwenkqubo yokucoca.
4. Iimpawu zokuZenzekelayo kunye noLawulo:
Izixhobo zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nolawulo oluphambiliezifana neepateni zokucoca ezinokucwangciswa, ukujonga ngexesha langempela, kunye nokurekhoda idatha.
Ezi mpawu zinokuphucula ukuhambelana nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokucoca.
5. Ukhuseleko kunye nokuThotyelwa kweMithetho:
Oomatshini bokucoca nge-laser kufuneka balandele imigangatho yokhuseleko engqongqo kunye neemfuno zomthetho,ingakumbi kwiindawo zoshishino okanye ezinobungozi.
Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo ziyahlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zokhuseleko kunye nokuthobela imithetho.
6. Ukugcinwa kunye neNkxaso:
Cinga ngokulula kokugcinwa, ukufumaneka kwezixhobo ezingasetyenziswayo, kunye nenqanaba lenkxaso yobugcisa enikezelwa ngumvelisi okanye ngumthengisi.
Ezi zinto zinokuchaphazelaukuthembeka kwexesha elide kunye neendleko zobuniniyomatshini wokucoca nge-laser.
Ngokuhlola ngononophelo ezi zinto zibalulekileyo kwaye uzilungelelanise neemfuno zakho zokucoca, ungakhetha umatshini wokucoca nge-laser ofanelekileyo kwisicelo sakho.
Ukubonisana nabathengisi abanamava okanye iingcali zoshishino (Nguthi ke lowo!)Inokuba luncedo kakhulu ekuqhubekeni nenkqubo yokukhetha nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukhetha isisombululo esifanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho.
3. Yintoni onokuyicoca ngomatshini wokucoca ngeLaser?
Oomatshini bokucoca nge-laser basebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye bayakwazi ukususa ngempumelelouluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezingcolisayo ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Iuhlobo olulodwa, olungachukumisiyo lokucoca nge-laseryenza ukuba ifaneleke ngakumbi ukucoca izinto ezibuthathaka okanye ezibuthathaka ezinokuthi zonakaliswe ziindlela zokucoca ezibukhali ngakumbi.
Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokucoca nge-laser kukususa izinto ezigquma umphezulu,ezifana neepeyinti, iivanishi, kunye neengubo zomgubo.
Umqadi welaser onamandla aphezulu unokuwenza ngokuchanekileyo la magqubuthelongaphandle kokonakalisa isiseko esingaphantsi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe sisisombululo esifanelekileyo sokubuyisela imbonakalo kunye nemeko yeendawo zesinyithi, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kunye nezinto zakudala.
Ukongeza kwiingubo zomphezulu, oomatshini bokucoca nge-laser basebenza kakhulu kwiukususa umhlwa, isikali, kunye nezinye iileya ze-oxidation kwiindawo zesinyithi.
Oku kuluncedo ngakumbi kumashishini eemoto, eendiza, kunye nemizi-mveliso, aphoUkugcina ukuthembeka kunye nokubonakala kwezixhobo zesinyithi kubalulekile.
Enye indlela yokucoca nge-laser kukususa izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo, ezifanaigrisi, ioyile, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zokungcola kunye nokungcola.
Oku kuyenza ibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokucoca izixhobo ze-elektroniki, izixhobo ezichanekileyo, kunye nezinye izintoizixhobo ezibuthathaka ezingakwaziyo ukunyamezela ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezibukhali okanye iindlela zokurhawuzelela.
Ngaphandle kwezi zicelo ziqhelekileyo, oomatshini bokucoca nge-laser babonakalise ukuba bayasebenza kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ekhethekileyo.
Kubandakanya ukususwa kweiidipozithi zekhabhoniukusuka kwizixhobo zenjini, ukucocwa kwemisebenzi yobugcisa ethambileyo kunye nezinto zakudala zemyuziyam, kunyeukulungiswa kwemiphezulu yeenkqubo ezilandelayo zokugquma okanye zokubopha.
Ukuguquguquka kokucoca nge-laser ikakhulu kungenxa yokukwazi ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo iiparameter ze-laser, ezinje ngobude bomda, amandla, kunye nobude be-pulse, ukuze kuphuculwe inkqubo yokucoca kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo zongcoliseko.
Olu nqanaba lokwenza ngokwezifiso luvumela oomatshini bokucoca nge-laser ukuba balungelelaniswe neentlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zoshishino, zorhwebo, kunye nezolondolozo.
Asivumelani neziphumo eziphakathi, nawe akufanele uvumelane nazo
4. Ukucoca ngeLaser kukhawuleza kangakanani?
Enye yezona nzuzo ziphambili zoomatshini bokucoca nge-laser kukukwazi kwabo ukwenza imisebenzi yokucoca ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo, rhoqo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kuneendlela zokucoca zemveli.
Isantya senkqubo yokucoca nge-laser sichatshazelwa zizinto ezininzi, kuquka:
Uhlobo kunye neempawu zongcoliseko, izinto ezikumphezulu ococwayo, kunye neeparameter ezithile zenkqubo yelaser.
Ngokubanzi, ukucoca nge-laser yinkqubo ekhawulezayo, enamazinga okucoca aqala kwiiisentimitha ezimbalwa zesikwere ngomzuzwana to iimitha zesikwere ezininzi ngomzuzu, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo esithile.
Isantya sokucoca nge-laser sibangelwa kakhuluuhlobo lwenkqubo yokungaqhagamshelani, evumela ukususwa ngokukhawuleza nangokujoliswe kuko kwezinto ezingcolisayongaphandle kwesidingo sokuchukumisa umzimba okanye ukusebenzisa izinto ezirhabaxa okanye iikhemikhali.
Ukongeza, ukukwazi ukwenza inkqubo yokucoca ngokuzenzekelayo kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwayo yonke into, njengoko oomatshini bokucoca nge-laser banokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokungenelela kwabantu.
Enye into enegalelo kwisantya sokucoca nge-laser kukukwaziukulawula ngokuchanekileyo iiparameter ze-laser ukuze kuphuculwe inkqubo yokucoca.
Ngokulungisa amandla e-laser, ubude be-pulse, kunye nobukhulu bebala, abaqhubi banokwandisa izinga lokususwa kwezinto ezithile ezingcolisayo ngelixa benciphisa umngcipheko wokonakala kumphezulu ongaphantsi.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isantya sokucoca ngokwaso sinokuhluka ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo esithile kunye nenqanaba lococeko olufunekayo.
Kwezinye iimeko, inkqubo yokucoca ecothayo nelawulwayo ingafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukususwa ngokupheleleyo kwezinto ezingcolisayo okanye ukugcina umgangatho othe tye.
Lilonke, isantya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokucoca nge-laser kwenza kube lukhetho olunomtsalane kakhulu kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zoshishino, zorhwebo, kunye nezolondolozo, apho ukonga ixesha kunye neendleko zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokucoca.
Ividiyo yomboniso: Isicoci seLaser
Kule vedio, siza kuchaza ukuba yintoni ukucoca nge-laser, indlela esebenza ngayo, kunye noko inokucoca, kunye nezinye iingenelo xa kuthelekiswa nokuqhumisa isanti.
Ukuba uyithandile le vidiyo, kutheni ungacingi ngayoubhalisela itshaneli yethu yeYouTube?:)
5. Ngaba ukuCoca ngeLaser kuyarhawuzelela?
Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zobuchwepheshe bokucoca nge-laser kukuba yindlela yokucoca engangcolisiyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kakuhle ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezibuthathaka okanye ezinobuthathaka.
Ngokungafaniyo neendlela zokucoca zemveli ezixhomekeke ekukhuhleni okanye ekusebenziseni iikhemikhali eziqatha.
Ukucoca nge-laser kusebenzisa amandla e-laser beam egxile ekutshiseni nasekususeni izinto ezingcolisayo ngaphandle kokudibana ngqo nezinto ezingaphantsi.
Indlela yokucocwa nge-laser engarhawuzeliyo ifumaneka ngolawulo oluchanekileyo lweeparameter ze-laser, ezinje ngobude bomda, amandla, kunye nobude be-pulse.
Umqadi welaser ulungiswe ngononophelo ukuze ujolise kwaye ususe izinto ezithile ezingcolisayo kumphezulu.ngaphandle kokubangela nawuphi na umonakalo okanye utshintsho kwizinto ezingaphantsi.
Le nkqubo yokucoca engenaziqholo iluncedo kakhuluxa usebenza ngezinto ezibuthathaka okanye ezixabisekileyo, njengezinto zakudala, ubugcisa obuhle, kunye nezinto ze-elektroniki ezithambileyo.
Ngokuphepha ukusebenzisa ukukrazula okanye iikhemikhali ezirhabaxa, ukucoca nge-laser kunceda ukugcina ukuthembeka kunye neempawu zomphezulu wezi zinto zibuthathaka, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yindlela yokucoca ekhethwayo kwiindawo ezininzi zokugcina nokubuyisela izinto.
Ngaphezu koko, indlela yokucoca nge-laser engarhawuzeliyo ikwavumela ukuba isetyenziswe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, kuqukaiintsimbi, iiplastiki, iiseramikhi, kwanezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba nangona ukucoca nge-laser ngokuqhelekileyo kungenkqubo engangcolisiyo, iiparameter ezithile zokucoca kunye neempawu zezinto ezingcolisayo kunye nomphezulu ococwayo zinokuchaphazela inqanaba lokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-laser kunye nezinto. Kwezinye iimeko, indlela enononophelo nelawulwayo ingafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokucoca ayingcolisiyo kwaphela.
6. Ngaba ukuCoca ngeLaser kungawuthatha indawo wokuqhumisa isanti?
Njengoko iteknoloji yokucoca nge-laser iqhubeka nokukhula kwaye isamkelwa ngokubanzi, umbuzo wokuba ingaba ingayitshintsha na ngokufanelekileyo indlela yokucoca yendabuko, efana nokuqhumisa isanti, uye waba ngumbandela onomdla okhulayo.
Nangona kukho ukufana okuthile phakathi kokucocwa nge-laser kunye nokuqhunyiswa kwesanti, ngokubhekiselele kubuchule babo bokususa ukungcola nokubuyisela umphezulu, kukwakho umahluko ophambili owenza ukucocwa nge-laser kube yinto efanayo.enye indlela enomtsalane kwizicelo ezininzi.
Enye yezona nzuzo ziphambili zokucoca nge-laser ngaphezu kokuqhumisa isanti kukubaindalo engarhawuzeleliyo.
Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ukucoca nge-laser kusebenzisa amandla e-laser beam egxile kwi-phunga uze ususe izinto ezingcolisayo ngaphandle kokuchaphazela ngokwasemzimbeni umphezulu ongaphantsi.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuqhumisa isanti kuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni izinto ezirhabaxa, ezifana nesanti okanye iiglasi ezincinci, ezinokuthiokunokonakalisa okanye kutshintshe umphezulu wento ecocwayo.
Olu phawu lokungahluzi xa ucoca nge-laser luyenza ifaneleke kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwizinto ezibuthathaka okanye ezibuthathaka, apho umngcipheko wokonakala komphezulu ubaluleke kakhulu.
Ukongeza, ukucocwa nge-laser kunokubaekujoliswe ngokuchanekileyo, okuvumela ukususwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo ngaphandle kokuchaphazela iindawo ezingqongileyo,nto leyo enokuba luncedo kakhulu kwizicelo apho kufuneka ulawulo oluchanekileyo.
Enye inzuzo ephambili yokucoca nge-laser ngaphezu kokuqhumisa isanti kukukwazi ukucocaiindawo ezinzima okanye ezifikelelekayo.
Indlela egxile kakhulu nelawulekayo ngayo i-laser beam ivumela ukuba ifikelele kwaye icoce iindawo ezinokuba nzima okanye ezingenakwenzeka ukufikelela kuzo ngezixhobo zemveli zokuqhumisa isanti.
Ngaphezu koko, ukucocwa nge-laser ngokuqhelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwi-inkqubo ekhawulezayo nesebenzayo ngakumbikunokuqhumisa isanti, ingakumbi kwimisebenzi yokucoca encinci okanye yokucoca kwindawo ethile.
Indlela inkqubo yokucoca nge-laser engachukumisi mzimba ngayo, kunye nokukwazi ukwenza iinkqubo zokucoca ngokuzenzekelayo, inokubangela ukubaukonga ixesha elininzi kunye neendleko xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zemveli zokuqhumisa isanti.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba nangona ukucoca nge-laser kunokuba yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu endaweni yokuqhumisa isanti kwiindawo ezininzi, ukhetho phakathi kwezi ndlela zimbini ekugqibeleni luxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zokucoca, iimpawu zezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye neenjongo zizonke zenkqubo yokucoca.
Kwezinye iimeko, indibaniselwano yokucoca nge-laser kunye nezinye iindlela inokuba sesona sisombululo sifanelekileyo.
7. Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo malunga noMatshini wokucoca ngeLaser
1. Ngaba iiMishini zeLaser zisebenzisa umbane omninzi?
Kwezinye iimeko, Ewe, oomatshini bokucoca nge-laser bafuna umbane omninzi ukuze banike amandla iinkqubo ze-laser ezinamandla aphezulu.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokuchanekileyoingahlukakuxhomekeke kubungakanani kunye namandla okukhupha i-laser ethile esetyenzisiweyo.
2. Ngaba ukuCoca ngeLaser kungasusa ipeyinti?
Ewe, ukucoca nge-laser kusebenza kakhulu ekususeni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengubo zomphezulu, kuquka iipeyinti, iivarnish, kunye neengubo zomgubo.
Amandla elaser anokuyifutha ngokuchanekileyo le migqumo ngaphandle kokonakalisa isiseko esingaphantsi.
3. Zihlala ixesha elingakanani iiLaser Cleaners?
Oomatshini bokucoca nge-laser benzelwe ukuba bahlale ixesha elide, kwaye uninzi lweemodeli luneubomi obulindelekileyo beminyaka eli-10-15 okanye ngaphezulungokugcinwa nokunakekelwa okufanelekileyo.
Ubomi bomthombo welaser ngokwawo bunokwahluka, kodwa budla ngokutshintshwa.
4. Ngaba iiMishini zokucoca ngeLaser zikhuselekile?
Xa zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zithathelwe amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo, oomatshini bokucoca nge-laser ngokubanzi bathathwa njengabakhuselekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, imisebe yelaser enamandla aphezulu inokuba yingozi, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukulandela imigaqo yokhuseleko nokusebenzisa izixhobo kwindawo elawulwayo.
5. Ngaba ungamqesha umntu ococa ngeLaser?
Ewe, iinkampani ezininzi kunye nababoneleli ngeenkonzo banikezela ngeenkonzo zokucoca nge-laser, ezivumela abathengi ukuba bacoce izixhobo zabo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthenga umatshini wokucoca nge-laser ngokwabo.
Ewe, kodwa ukuba unemisebenzi emininzi ebandakanya ukucoca, ukuthenga umatshini wokucoca nge-laser kunokuba yindlela engabizi kakhulu.
6. Ngaba ungayisusa i-Rust nge-Laser?
Ewe, ukucoca nge-laser yindlela esebenzayo yokususa umhlwa, isikali, kunye nezinye iileya ze-oxidation kwiindawo zesinyithi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kumashishini afana neemoto, i-aerospace, kunye nemveliso.
Enyanisweni, nantsi enye inqaku malunga nokususwa komhlwa ngeLaser.
7. Ngaba ukuCoca ngeLaser kuyayisusa iMetal?
Ukucoca nge-laser kudla ngokuyilwa ukususa ukungcola kunye neengubo kumphezulu wezinto ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwisiseko esingaphantsi, kuquka neentsimbi.
Nangona kunjalo, iiparameter zelaser kufuneka zilawulwe ngononophelo ukuze kuthintelwe ukususa okanye ukutshintsha isinyithi ngokwaso.
8. Ngaba ukucoca ngeLaser kuyasebenza kwiinkuni?
Ukucoca nge-laser kunokusebenza kwiintlobo ezithile zomthi, ingakumbi ekususeni izinto ezigqunywe ngumphezulu, ukungcola, okanye ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo.
Nangona kunjalo, iiparameter zelaser kufuneka zilungiswe ukuze kuthintelwe ukonakalisa okanye ukutsha umphezulu womthi othambileyo.
9. Ngaba ungayicoca i-Aluminium ngeLaser?
Ewe, ukucoca nge-laser yindlela efanelekileyo yokucoca iindawo ze-aluminium, njengoko inokususa ngokufanelekileyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zongcoliseko, iingubo, kunye neengqimba ze-oxidation ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwi-substrate ye-aluminium.
Iingcebiso zoMatshini zoMatshini wokucoca ngeLaser
▶ Ngathi - I-MimoWork Laser
Phakamisa imveliso yakho ngeeNgcamango zethu
I-MimoWork izibophelele ekudalweni nasekuphuculweni kwemveliso ye-laser kwaye iphuhlise iteknoloji ye-laser ephucukileyo emininzi ukuphucula ngakumbi amandla emveliso yabathengi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okukhulu. Sifumana amalungelo obunikazi amaninzi eteknoloji ye-laser, sihlala sigxile kumgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lweenkqubo zomatshini we-laser ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kokucubungula okuqhubekayo nokuthembekileyo. Umgangatho womatshini we-laser uqinisekiswe yi-CE kunye ne-FDA.
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Ihlaziywe okokugqibela: Novemba 4, 2025
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-24-2024