Ingabe Imishini Yokuhlanza Nge-Laser Iyasebenza Ngempela? [Indlela Yokukhetha Ngo-2024]
Impendulo Eqondile Nelula ithi:
Yebo, bayakwenzafuthi, kunjaloindlela ephumelelayo nephumelelayo yokususa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokungcola ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene.
Lawa mathuluzi akhethekile asebenzisa amandla emisebe ye-laser egxile ekususeni, noma ekushiseni, izinto ezingafunekingaphandle kokulimaza indawo engaphansi.
Ukukhetha Umshini Wokususa Ukugqwala Nge-Laser Ongcono Kakhulu kungaba nzima, yilapho esingena khona.
Uhlu Lokuqukethwe:
1. Ingabe Imishini Yokuhlanza Nge-Laser Iyasebenza Ngempela? [Ukususa Ukugqwala Nge-Laser Ensimbini]
Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zokuhlanza nge-laser yikhono layo lokwenza kanjalogxila futhi ususe izinto ezithile ezingcolisayo ngokukhethangenkathi ushiya izinto eziyisisekelo ziphelele.
Lokhu kuyenza ibe usizo kakhuluizindawo ezithambile noma ezizwelayo, lapho izindlela zokuhlanza zendabuko zingase zibe nzima kakhulu noma zifake amakhemikhali angafuneki.
Kusukela ekususeni upende,ukugqwala, bese ukalaizingxenye zensimbiEkuhlanzeni izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezithambile, ukuhlanza nge-laser kuye kwabonakala kuyisisombululo esisebenziseka kalula.
Ukusebenza kahle kwemishini yokuhlanza nge-laser kuncike kakhulu ku-amapharamitha athile e-laser, njengobude be-wavelength, amandla, kanye nobude be-pulse.
Ngokulungisa ngokucophelela lezi zilungiselelo, opharetha bangenza ngcono inqubo yokuhlanza yezinto ezahlukene kanye nezinhlobo zokungcola.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugxila kwe-laser kanye nosayizi webala kungalungiswa ngokufaneleizindawo ezincane, eziqondile noma umboze izindawo ezinkulu njengoba kudingeka.
Nakuba imishini yokuhlanza nge-laser idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokuhlanza zendabuko.
Izinzuzo zesikhathi eside zivame ukwedlula izindleko zangaphambi kwesikhathi.
Inqubo ivame ukubangokushesha, ngokuhambisanayo, futhi kukhiqiza imfucuza encanekunokuhlanza ngesandla noma ngamakhemikhali.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lokwenza inqubo yokuhlanza ibe ngokuzenzakalela lingaholela ekongeni isikhathi esiningi kanye nomsebenzi, okwenza ukuhlanza nge-laser kube inketho ekhangayo yezicelo zezimboni nezentengiselwano.
Ekugcineni, umbuzo wokuthi imishini yokuhlanza nge-laser iyasebenza ngempela yini uncike ekusetshenzisweni okuthile kanye nemiphumela yokuhlanza oyifunayo.
2. Ungayikhetha Kanjani Umshini Wokususa Ukugqwala Nge-Laser Ongcono Kakhulu? [Okwakho]
Isinyathelo sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu ukuthichaza ngokucacile izidingo ezithile zokuhlanza.
Kubandakanyauhlobo lwezinto ezingcolisayo, izinto ezikuyo indawo okufanele ihlanzwe, kanye nezinga lokuhlanzeka elifunekayo.
Uma usuqonda kahle imigomo yakho yokuhlanza, ungaqala ukuhlola izinketho ezahlukene zomshini wokuhlanza nge-laser ezitholakala emakethe.
Ezinye izinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele zihlanganisa:
1. Uhlobo lwe-Laser kanye nobude be-Wavelength:
Ubuchwepheshe obuhlukene be-laser, njenge-Nd:YAG, i-fiber, noma i-CO2 lasers, busebenza ngamaza ahlukene.
Bonke banayoamandla nobuthakathaka obuhlukahlukeneuma kukhulunywa ngokuhlanza izinto ezahlukene.
Ukukhetha uhlobo lwe-laser olufanele kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inqubo yokuhlanza.
2. Isikhathi Samandla Nokushaya Kwenhliziyo:
Ukukhishwa kwamandla kwe-laser kanye nobude besikhathi sokushaya kwenhliziyokuthinte ngqoukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza kanye nekhono lokususa izinhlobo ezithile zezinto ezingcolisayo.
Amandla aphezulu kanye nobude besikhathi sokushaya kwenhliziyo obufushane ngokuvamile kusebenza kangconoukususa ama-deposit aqinile noma aqinile.
3. Usayizi Wendawo Nokulethwa Kwemisebe:
Usayizi wendawo egxile ku-laser kanye nendlela yokulethwa kwemisebe (isb., i-fiber optic, ingalo ehlanganisiwe)inganquma indawo engahlanzwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Kanye nokunemba kwenqubo yokuhlanza.
4. Izici Zokuzenzakalela Nokulawula:
Amakhono okuzenzakalelayo athuthukisiwe kanye nokulawulanjengezindlela zokuhlanza ezihleliwe, ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela, kanye nokurekhoda idatha.
Lezi zici zingathuthukisa ukuhambisana nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokuhlanza.
5. Ukuphepha Nokuthobela Imithetho:
Imishini yokuhlanza nge-laser kumele ilandele izindinganiso zokuphepha eziqinile kanye nezidingo zomthetho,ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezimboni noma eziyingozi.
Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imishini ihlangabezana nazo zonke izindinganiso zokuphepha ezidingekayo kanye nokuhambisana nazo.
6. Ukugcinwa Nokusekelwa:
Cabanga ngokulula kokugcinwa, ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezisele, kanye nezinga lokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe olunikezwa umenzi noma umhlinzeki.
Lezi zici zingathintaukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kanye nezindleko zobunikaziyomshini wokuhlanza nge-laser.
Ngokuhlola ngokucophelela lezi zici ezibalulekile nokuzivumelanisa nezidingo zakho zokuhlanza ezithile, ungakhetha umshini wokuhlanza nge-laser ofanele kakhulu isicelo sakho.
Ukubonisana nabathengisi abanolwazi noma ochwepheshe bemboni (Nguthi Nathi!)kungaba usizo futhi ekuqondeni inqubo yokukhetha nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukhetha ikhambi elifanele izidingo zakho.
3. Yini Ongayihlanza Ngomshini Wokuhlanza Nge-Laser?
Imishini yokuhlanza nge-laser inezinto eziningi ezisebenziseka kalula, futhi iyakwazi ukususa ngempumelelouhla olubanzi lwezinto ezingcolisayo ezivela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene.
Iuhlobo oluyingqayizivele, olungathintani lokuhlanza nge-laserkwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ukuhlanza izinto ezithambile noma ezizwelayo ezingase zonakaliswe izindlela zokuhlanza ezinamandla kakhulu.
Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokuhlanza nge-laser ukususa izinto ezimboza ubuso,njengopende, ama-varnish, kanye ne-powder coating.
Ugongolo lwe-laser olunamandla aphezulu lungawushintsha ngokunembile lo mphetho ube yimpumulongaphandle kokulimaza i-substrate engaphansi, okwenza kube yisisombululo esifanele sokubuyisela ukubukeka nesimo sezingxenye zensimbi, izithombe eziqoshiwe, kanye nezinto zobuciko zomlando.
Ngaphezu kokumbozwa kobuso, imishini yokuhlanza nge-laser nayo isebenza kahle kakhulu ku-ukususa ukugqwala, isikali, kanye nezinye izendlalelo ze-oxidation ezindaweni zensimbi.
Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu embonini yezimoto, yezindiza, kanye neyokukhiqiza, laphoUkugcina ubuqotho nokubukeka kwezingxenye zensimbi kubalulekile.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa kokuhlanza nge-laser ukususa izinto ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo, njengeamafutha, uwoyela, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokungcola nokungcola.
Lokhu kwenza kube ithuluzi eliwusizo lokuhlanza izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, amathuluzi okunemba, nokunyeimishini ebucayi engakwazi ukubekezelela ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali anamandla noma izindlela zokuhudula.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezivamile, imishini yokuhlanza nge-laser nayo ibonakale isebenza kahle emisebenzini ehlukahlukene ekhethekile.
Kubandakanya ukususwa kweamadiphozithi ekhabhonikusukela ezingxenyeni zenjini, ukuhlanzwa kwemisebenzi yobuciko ebucayi kanye nezinto zobuciko zasemyuziyamu, kanyeukulungiswa kwezindawo zezinqubo ezilandelayo zokumboza noma zokubopha.
Ukuguquguquka kokuhlanza nge-laser kubangelwa kakhulu ikhono lokulawula ngokunembile amapharamitha e-laser, njengobude be-wavelength, amandla, kanye nobude be-pulse, ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo yokuhlanza yezinto ezahlukene kanye nezinhlobo zokungcola.
Leli zinga lokwenza ngokwezifiso livumela imishini yokuhlanza nge-laser ukuthi ivumelane nezinhlobo eziningi zezicelo zezimboni, zezentengiselwano kanye nezokulondolozwa.
Asivumelani Nemiphumela Ephakathi, Nawe Akufanele Uyithole
4. Ukuhlanza Nge-Laser Kushesha Kangakanani?
Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zemishini yokuhlanza nge-laser yikhono layo lokwenza imisebenzi yokuhlanza ngokushesha nangendlela ephumelelayo, ngokuvamile ngokushesha kakhulu kunezindlela zokuhlanza zendabuko.
Ijubane lenqubo yokuhlanza nge-laser lithonywa yizici eziningana, okuhlanganisa:
Uhlobo kanye nezici zokungcola, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ebusweni obuhlanzwayo, kanye nemingcele ethile yohlelo lwe-laser.
Ngokuvamile, ukuhlanza nge-laser kuyinqubo eshesha kakhulu, enamazinga okuhlanza asukela ku-amasentimitha ambalwa esikwele ngomzuzwana to amamitha-skwele amaningana ngomzuzu, kuye ngesicelo esithile.
Ijubane lokuhlanza nge-laser libangelwa kakhulu yi-uhlobo lokungathintani kwale nqubo, okuvumela ukususwa okusheshayo nokuqondiwe kwezinto ezingcolisayongaphandle kwesidingo sokuthintana ngokomzimba noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihudulayo noma zamakhemikhali.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lokwenza inqubo yokuhlanza isebenze ngokuzenzakalela lithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwayo yonke indawo, njengoba imishini yokuhlanza nge-laser ingasebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu okuncane.
Esinye isici esifaka isandla ekusheshisweni kokuhlanza nge-laser yikhonoukulawula ngokunembile amapharamitha e-laser ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo yokuhlanza.
Ngokulungisa amandla e-laser, ubude be-pulse, kanye nosayizi wamachashazi, opharetha bangakhulisa izinga lokususwa kwezinto ezithile ezingcolisayo ngenkathi benciphisa ingozi yokulimala kobuso obungaphansi.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isivinini sangempela sokuhlanza singahluka kuye ngokusetshenziswa okuthile kanye nezinga lokuhlanzeka elifiswayo.
Kwezinye izimo, inqubo yokuhlanza ehamba kancane nelawulwa kakhulu ingadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukususwa okuphelele kwezinto ezingcolisayo noma ukulondoloza ubuqotho bezindawo ezibucayi.
Sekukonke, isivinini kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlanza nge-laser kwenza kube inketho ekhangayo kakhulu yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zezimboni, zezentengiselwano, kanye nezokulondolozwa, lapho ukonga isikhathi kanye nezindleko kuyizinto ezibalulekile enkambisweni yokuhlanza.
Ividiyo Yedemo: Isihlanzi Se-Laser
Kule vidiyo, sizochaza ukuthi kuyini ukuhlanza nge-laser, ukuthi kusebenza kanjani, nokuthi kungakuhlanza ini, kanye nezinye izinzuzo uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqhuma kwesihlabathi.
Uma uyijabulele ividiyo, kungani ungacabangiubhalisela isiteshi sethu se-YouTube?:)
5. Ingabe Ukuhlanza Nge-Laser Kuyacasula?
Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza nge-laser ukuthi iyindlela yokuhlanza engagugi, okwenza ifaneleke kahle ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezibucayi noma ezizwelayo.
Ngokungafani nezindlela zokuhlanza zendabuko ezincike ekukhucululweni ngokomzimba noma ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhemikhali anamandla.
Ukuhlanza nge-laser kusebenzisa amandla ogongolo lwe-laser olugxilile ukuze kushiswe futhi kususwe ukungcola ngaphandle kokuthintana ngqo nezinto ezingaphansi.
Indlela yokuhlanza nge-laser engagugi itholakala ngokulawula okunembile kwamapharamitha e-laser, njengobude be-wavelength, amandla, kanye nobude be-pulse.
Ugongolo lwe-laser luhlelwe ngokucophelela ukuze luqondise futhi lususe ukungcola okuthile okungaphezulu.ngaphandle kokubangela noma yimuphi umonakalo ongokwenyama noma izinguquko ezintweni ezingaphansi.
Le nqubo yokuhlanza engagugi inenzuzo enkululapho usebenza ngezinto ezibuthakathaka noma ezibiza kakhulu, njengezinto zobuciko zomlando, ubuciko obuhle, kanye nezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezibucayi.
Ngokugwema ukusebenzisa ukuhuzuka ngokomzimba noma amakhemikhali anamandla, ukuhlanza nge-laser kusiza ukugcina ubuqotho kanye nezici zobuso zalezi zinto ezibucayi, okwenza kube yindlela yokuhlanza ekhethwayo ezicelweni eziningi zokulondoloza nokubuyisela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokuhlanza nge-laser engagugi futhi ivumela ukuthi isetshenziswe ezintweni eziningi ezahlukene, okuhlanganisaizinsimbi, ipulasitiki, izinto zobumba, ngisho nezinto ezihlanganisiwe.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba ukuhlanza nge-laser ngokuvamile kuyinqubo engagugi, imingcele ethile yokuhlanza kanye nezici zokungcola kanye nendawo ehlanzwayo kungathinta izinga lokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-laser nezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Kwezinye izimo, kungadingeka indlela eqaphile nelawulwayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuhlanza ihlala ingagugi nhlobo.
6. Ingabe Ukuhlanza Nge-Laser Kungathatha Indawo Yokuqhumisa Isihlabathi?
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza nge-laser buqhubeka nokukhula futhi busetshenziswa kabanzi, umbuzo wokuthi ngabe ungathatha indawo yezindlela zokuhlanza zendabuko, njengokuqhuma kwesihlabathi, ube yindaba ethakazelisa kakhulu.
Nakuba kukhona ukufana okuthile phakathi kokuhlanza nge-laser kanye nokuqhuma kwesihlabathi, ngokwekhono lazo lokususa ukungcola nokubuyisela izindawo, kukhona futhi umehluko obalulekile obangela ukuhlanzwa nge-laser.okunye okuthakazelisayo ezinhlelweni eziningi zokusebenza.
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokuhlanza nge-laser kunokuqhuma kwesihlabathi ukuthiimvelo engahlukumezi.
Njengoba kuxoxwe ngaphambilini, ukuhlanza nge-laser kusebenzisa amandla ogongolo lwe-laser olugxilefudumeza futhi ususe izinto ezingcolisayo ngaphandle kokuthinta ubuso obungaphansi.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuqhuma kwesihlabathi kuncike ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezihudulayo, njengesihlabathi noma ubuhlalu obuncane beglasi, obungenzaokungalimaza noma kushintshe ubuso bento ehlanzwayo.
Lesi sici sokungaphazamisi ukuhlanzwa nge-laser senza kube kuhle kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ezintweni ezibucayi noma ezizwelayo, lapho ingozi yokulimala kwendawo iyinkinga enkulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanza nge-laser kungenziwa.okuqondiswe ngqo, okuvumela ukususwa okukhethiwe kwezinto ezingcolisayo ngaphandle kokuthinta izindawo ezizungezile,okungaba wusizo kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni lapho kudingeka khona ukulawulwa okunembile.
Enye inzuzo ebalulekile yokuhlanza nge-laser ngaphezu kokuqhumisa isihlabathi yikhono lokuhlanzaizindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi noma okunzima ukuzifinyelela.
Indlela egxile futhi elawuleka kakhulu yokukhanya kwe-laser ivumela ukuthi ifinyelele futhi ihlanze izindawo ezingase zibe nzima noma ezingenakwenzeka ukuzifinyelela ngemishini yendabuko yokuqhumisa isihlabathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanza nge-laser ngokuvamile kuvunyelwe.inqubo esheshayo nephumelelayo kakhudlwanakunokuqhuma kwesihlabathi, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yokuhlanza emincane noma yendawo.
Uhlobo lokungathintani kwenqubo yokuhlanza nge-laser, kuhlanganiswe nekhono lokwenza izinqubo zokuhlanza ngokuzenzakalela, kungabangelaukonga isikhathi esiningi kanye nezindleko uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zendabuko zokuqhumisa isihlabathi.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba ukuhlanza nge-laser kungaba yindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokususa isihlabathi ezindleleni eziningi zokusebenza, ukukhetha phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili ekugcineni kuncike ezidingweni ezithile zokuhlanza, izici zezinto ezihilelekile, kanye nezinhloso eziphelele zenqubo yokuhlanza.
Kwezinye izimo, inhlanganisela yokuhlanza nge-laser kanye nezinye izindlela kungaba yisisombululo esihle kakhulu.
7. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Ngomshini Wokuhlanza Nge-Laser
1. Ingabe iMishini yeLaser isebenzisa ugesi omningi?
Kwezinye izimo, Yebo, imishini yokuhlanza nge-laser idinga inani elikhulu likagesi ukuze inike amandla izinhlelo ze-laser ezinamandla aphezulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuqondilekungahlukakuye ngobukhulu kanye nokukhishwa kwamandla kwe-laser ethile esetshenzisiwe.
2. Ingabe Ukuhlanza Nge-Laser Kungasusa Upende?
Yebo, ukuhlanza nge-laser kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekususeni izinhlobo ezahlukene zezembozo ezingaphezulu, okuhlanganisa upende, ama-varnish, kanye nezembozo zempuphu.
Amandla e-laser angawashisa ngokunembile lawa ma-coating ngaphandle kokulimaza i-substrate engaphansi.
3. Kuhlala Isikhathi Eside Kangakanani Abahlanzi Be-Laser?
Imishini yokuhlanza nge-laser yenzelwe ukuqina, kanye namamodeli amaningi ane-isikhathi sokuphila esilindelekile seminyaka eyi-10-15 noma ngaphezulungokunakekelwa okufanele.
Isikhathi sokuphila komthombo we-laser ngokwawo singahluka, kodwa ngokuvamile singashintshwa.
4. Ingabe Imishini Yokuhlanza Nge-Laser Iphephile?
Uma isetshenziswa kahle futhi ngezinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele, imishini yokuhlanza nge-laser ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengephephile.
Kodwa-ke, imisebe ye-laser enamandla aphezulu ingaba yingozi, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukulandela izinqubo zokuphepha nokusebenzisa imishini endaweni elawulwayo.
5. Ungamqasha Umhlanzi We-Laser?
Yebo, izinkampani eziningi kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo banikeza izinsizakalo zokuhlanza nge-laser, okuvumela amakhasimende ukuthi ahlanze izinto noma imishini yawo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthenga umshini wokuhlanza nge-laser ngokwawo.
Yebo, kodwa uma unemisebenzi eminingi ehilela ukuhlanza, ukuthenga umshini wokuhlanza nge-laser kungaba yindlela engabizi kakhulu.
6. Ungakwazi Ukususa Ukugqwala Nge-Laser?
Yebo, ukuhlanza nge-laser kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokususa ukugqwala, isikali, nezinye izendlalelo ze-oxidation ezindaweni zensimbi, okwenza kube ithuluzi eliwusizo ezimbonini ezifana nezimoto, izindiza kanye nokukhiqiza.
Eqinisweni, nansi enye indatshana mayelana nokususwa kwe-laser rust.
7. Ingabe Ukuhlanza Nge-Laser Kususa Insimbi?
Ukuhlanza nge-laser kuvame ukuklanywa ukususa ukungcola kanye nopende ebusweni bezinto ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo omkhulu ku-substrate engaphansi, okuhlanganisa nezinsimbi.
Kodwa-ke, amapharamitha e-laser kumele alawulwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukususa noma ukushintsha insimbi ngokwayo.
8. Ingabe Ukuhlanza Nge-Laser Kuyasebenza Ezingodweni?
Ukuhlanza nge-laser kungasebenza kahle ezinhlotsheni ezithile zokhuni, ikakhulukazi ekususeni izimbozo zangaphezulu, ukungcola, noma ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo.
Kodwa-ke, amapharamitha e-laser kumele alungiswe ukuze kugwenywe ukulimaza noma ukusha indawo ethambile yokhuni.
9. Ungakwazi yini ukuhlanza i-Aluminium nge-Laser?
Yebo, ukuhlanza nge-laser kuyindlela efanelekile yokuhlanza izindawo ze-aluminium, njengoba kungasusa ngempumelelo izinhlobo ezahlukene zokungcola, izembozo, kanye nezendlalelo ze-oxidation ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo omkhulu ku-substrate ye-aluminium.
Izincomo Zomshini Wokuhlanza Umshini We-Laser
▶ Mayelana Nathi - I-MimoWork Laser
Phakamisa Umkhiqizo Wakho Ngezici Zethu Ezivelele
I-MimoWork izibophezele ekudalweni nasekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwe-laser futhi yathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obuningi obuthuthukisiwe be-laser ukuze ithuthukise amandla okukhiqiza amakhasimende kanye nokusebenza kahle okukhulu. Njengoba sithola amalungelo obunikazi amaningi obuchwepheshe be-laser, sihlala sigxila ekhwalithini nasekuphepheni kwezinhlelo zomshini we-laser ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kokucubungula okuqhubekayo nokuthembekile. Ikhwalithi yomshini we-laser iqinisekiswe yi-CE kanye ne-FDA.
Thola Imibono Eyengeziwe Kusiteshi Sethu Se-YouTube
Ungase Ube Nentshisekelo ku:
Siyashesha Endleleni Esheshayo Yokusungula Izinto Ezintsha
Kugcine ukubuyekezwa: Novemba 4, 2025
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-24-2024